[keel] Cleanup

Also, fix dir context menu to work when dir is closed, and fix it not to
override last file in the directory.

.gitattributes

@@ -0,0 +1 @@
+sample_project text eol=lf

.gitea/workflows/build.yaml

@@ -4,7 +4,7 @@ on: [push]
 
 jobs:
   build:
-    runs-on: nostalgia
+    runs-on: olympic
     steps:
       - name: Check out repository code
         uses: actions/checkout@v3
@@ -17,3 +17,10 @@ jobs:
       - run: make purge configure-release
       - run: make build
       - run: make test
+      - run: make install
+      - run: mv dist/linux-x86_64-release nostalgia-linux-x86_64
+      - run: tar cf nostalgia-linux-x86_64.tar nostalgia-linux-x86_64
+      - uses: actions/upload-artifact@v3
+        with:
+          name: nostalgia-linux-x86_64
+          path: nostalgia-linux-x86_64.tar

.gitignore

@@ -6,12 +6,14 @@
 .mypy_cache
 .stfolder
 .stignore
-scripts/__pycache__
+.vs
+util/scripts/__pycache__
 pyenv
 CMakeLists.txt.user
 ROM.oxfs
 Session.vim
 build
+cmake-build-*
 compile_commands.json
 dist
 graph_info.json

.liccor.yml

@@ -2,4 +2,4 @@
 source:
 - src
 copyright_notice: |-
-  Copyright 2016 - 2024 Gary Talent (gary@drinkingtea.net). All rights reserved.
+  Copyright 2016 - 2025 Gary Talent (gary@drinkingtea.net). All rights reserved.

Makefile

@@ -1,35 +1,68 @@
 BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME=nostalgia
 BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME_CAP=Nostalgia
+BC_VAR_DEVENV_ROOT=util
 BUILDCORE_PATH=deps/buildcore
 include ${BUILDCORE_PATH}/base.mk
 
 ifeq ($(BC_VAR_OS),darwin)
-	NOSTALGIA_STUDIO=./build/${BC_VAR_CURRENT_BUILD}/bin/${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME_CAP}Studio.app/Contents/MacOS/${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME_CAP}Studio
+	PROJECT_STUDIO=./build/${BC_VAR_CURRENT_BUILD}/bin/${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME_CAP}Studio.app/Contents/MacOS/${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME_CAP}Studio
 	MGBA=/Applications/mGBA.app/Contents/MacOS/mGBA
 else
-	NOSTALGIA_STUDIO=./build/${BC_VAR_CURRENT_BUILD}/bin/${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME_CAP}Studio
+	PROJECT_STUDIO=./build/${BC_VAR_CURRENT_BUILD}/bin/${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME_CAP}Studio
 	MGBA=mgba-qt
 endif
+PROJECT_PLAYER=./build/${BC_VAR_CURRENT_BUILD}/bin/${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME_CAP}
 
 .PHONY: pkg-gba
-pkg-gba: build
+pkg-gba: build-pack build-gba-player
-	${BC_CMD_ENVRUN} ${BC_PY3} ./scripts/pkg-gba.py sample_project ${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME}
+	${BC_CMD_ENVRUN} ${BC_PY3} ./util/scripts/pkg-gba.py sample_project ${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME_CAP}
+
+.PHONY: pkg-mac
+pkg-mac: install
+	${BC_CMD_ENVRUN} ${BC_PY3} ./util/scripts/pkg-dmg.py NostalgiaStudio
+
+.PHONY: generate-studio-rsrc
+generate-studio-rsrc:
+	${BC_CMD_ENVRUN} ${BC_PY3} ./util/scripts/file-to-cpp.py --rsrc src/olympic/studio/applib/src/rsrc.json
+	${BC_CMD_ENVRUN} ${BC_PY3} ./util/scripts/file-to-cpp.py --rsrc src/nostalgia/studio/rsrc.json
+
+.PHONY: build-gba-player
+build-gba-player:
+	cmake --build ./build/gba-*
+
+.PHONY: build-player
+build-player:
+	${BC_CMD_CMAKE_BUILD} ${BC_VAR_BUILD_PATH} ${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME_CAP}
+
+.PHONY: build-pack
+build-pack:
+	cmake --build ./build/${BC_VAR_CURRENT_BUILD} --target ${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME}-pack
+
 
 .PHONY: run
-run: build
+run: build-player
-	./build/${BC_VAR_CURRENT_BUILD}/bin/${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME} sample_project
+	${PROJECT_PLAYER} sample_project
+
+.PHONY: build-studio
+build-studio:
+	cmake --build ./build/${BC_VAR_CURRENT_BUILD} --target ${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME_CAP}Studio
+
 .PHONY: run-studio
-run-studio: build
+run-studio: build-studio
-	${NOSTALGIA_STUDIO}
+	${PROJECT_STUDIO}
+
 .PHONY: gba-run
 gba-run: pkg-gba
-	${MGBA} ${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME}.gba
+	${MGBA} ${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME_CAP}.gba
+
 .PHONY: debug
 debug: build
-	${BC_CMD_HOST_DEBUGGER} ./build/${BC_VAR_CURRENT_BUILD}/bin/${BC_VAR_PROJECT_NAME} sample_project
+	${BC_CMD_HOST_DEBUGGER} ${PROJECT_PLAYER} sample_project
+
 .PHONY: debug-studio
 debug-studio: build
-	${BC_CMD_HOST_DEBUGGER} ${NOSTALGIA_STUDIO}
+	${BC_CMD_HOST_DEBUGGER} ${PROJECT_STUDIO}
+
 
 .PHONY: configure-gba
 configure-gba:
@@ -38,3 +71,25 @@ configure-gba:
 .PHONY: configure-gba-debug
 configure-gba-debug:
 	${BC_CMD_SETUP_BUILD} --toolchain=deps/gbabuildcore/cmake/modules/GBA.cmake --target=gba --current_build=0 --build_type=debug --build_root=${BC_VAR_BUILD_PATH}
+
+.PHONY: loc
+loc:
+	${BC_PY3} util/scripts/loc.py \
+		--search-dirs \
+			src \
+			deps/ox/src \
+			deps/buildcore \
+			deps/gbabuildcore \
+			deps/glutils \
+			deps/teagba \
+		--include-exts \
+			.cpp \
+			.hpp \
+			.py \
+			.s \
+			.cmake \
+		--exclude-paths \
+			deps/teagba/src/gba_crt0.s \
+			src/olympic/studio/applib/src/font.cpp \
+			src/olympic/studio/applib/src/font.hpp \
+			src/nostalgia/studio/icondata.cpp

deps/buildcore/base.mk

@@ -93,7 +93,7 @@ purge:
 	${BC_CMD_RM_RF} compile_commands.json
 .PHONY: test
 test: build
-	${BC_CMD_ENVRUN} mypy ${BC_VAR_SCRIPTS}
+	${BC_CMD_ENVRUN} ${BC_CMD_PY3} -m mypy ${BC_VAR_SCRIPTS}
 	${BC_CMD_CMAKE_BUILD} ${BC_VAR_BUILD_PATH} test
 .PHONY: test-verbose
 test-verbose: build

deps/buildcore/scripts/pybb.py

@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 # "Python Busy Box" - adds cross-platform equivalents to Unix commands that
 #                     don't translate well to that other operating system
 
+import multiprocessing
 import os
 import platform
 import shutil
@@ -57,7 +58,11 @@ def cmake_build(base_path: str, target: Optional[str]) -> int:
         path = os.path.join(base_path, d)
         if not os.path.isdir(path):
             continue
-        args = ['cmake', '--build', path]
+        args = ['cmake', '--build', path, f'-j{multiprocessing.cpu_count()}']
+        if path.endswith('release'):
+            args.append('--config=release')
+        elif path.endswith('debug'):
+            args.append('--config=debug')
         if target is not None:
             args.extend(['--target', target])
         err = subprocess.run(args).returncode

deps/buildcore/scripts/util.py

@@ -35,4 +35,6 @@ def get_arch() -> str:
     arch = platform.machine().lower()
     if arch == 'amd64':
         arch = 'x86_64'
+    elif arch == 'aarch64':
+        arch = 'arm64'
     return arch

deps/gbabuildcore/base.cmake

@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/cmake/modules)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -nostdlib")
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -nostdinc++")
-set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fno-unwind-tables")
+#set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fno-unwind-tables")
-set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fno-exceptions")
+#set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fno-exceptions")
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fno-rtti")
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fno-strict-aliasing")
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -mthumb-interwork")

deps/glad/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,2 +1,11 @@
-add_library(glad OBJECT src/glad.c)
+add_library(glad src/glad.c)
-target_include_directories(glad PUBLIC include)
+
+target_include_directories(glad PUBLIC include)
+
+install(
+	TARGETS
+		glad
+	DESTINATION
+		LIBRARY DESTINATION lib
+		ARCHIVE DESTINATION lib
+)

deps/glutils/include/glutils/glutils.hpp

@@ -89,7 +89,7 @@ struct GLObject: public Base {
 		return id;
 	}
 
-	constexpr operator const GLuint&() const noexcept {
+	constexpr operator GLuint const&() const noexcept {
 		return id;
 	}
 
@@ -135,7 +135,7 @@ struct FrameBuffer {
 		return fbo.id;
 	}
 
-	constexpr operator const GLuint&() const noexcept {
+	constexpr operator GLuint const&() const noexcept {
 		return fbo.id;
 	}
 
@@ -158,14 +158,14 @@ struct FrameBuffer {
 
 class FrameBufferBind {
 	private:
-		static const FrameBuffer *s_activeFb;
+		static FrameBuffer const *s_activeFb;
-		const FrameBuffer *m_restoreFb = nullptr;
+		FrameBuffer const *m_restoreFb = nullptr;
 	public:
-		explicit FrameBufferBind(const FrameBuffer &fb) noexcept;
+		explicit FrameBufferBind(FrameBuffer const &fb) noexcept;
 		~FrameBufferBind() noexcept;
 };
 
-void bind(const FrameBuffer &fb) noexcept;
+void bind(FrameBuffer const &fb) noexcept;
 
 struct ShaderVarSet {
 	GLsizei len{};
@@ -176,7 +176,7 @@ struct ProgramSource {
 	ox::Vector<glutils::ShaderVarSet> const shaderParams;
 	GLsizei const rowLen = [this] {
 		GLsizei len{};
-		for (auto const&v : shaderParams) {
+		for (auto const &v : shaderParams) {
 			len += v.len;
 		}
 		return len;
@@ -187,23 +187,23 @@ struct ProgramSource {
 	ox::String const geomShader{};
 };
 
-ox::Result<GLProgram> buildShaderProgram(ProgramSource const&src) noexcept;
+ox::Result<GLProgram> buildShaderProgram(ProgramSource const &src) noexcept;
 
 ox::Result<GLProgram> buildShaderProgram(
-		ox::CStringView const&vert,
+		ox::CStringView const &vert,
-		ox::CStringView const&frag,
+		ox::CStringView const &frag,
-		ox::CStringView const&geo = "") noexcept;
+		ox::CStringView const &geo = "") noexcept;
 
 void setupShaderParams(
-		GLProgram const&shader,
+		GLProgram const &shader,
-		ox::Vector<ShaderVarSet> const&vars,
+		ox::Vector<ShaderVarSet> const &vars,
 		GLsizei vertexRowLen) noexcept;
 
-void setupShaderParams(GLProgram const&shader, ox::Vector<ShaderVarSet> const&vars) noexcept;
+void setupShaderParams(GLProgram const &shader, ox::Vector<ShaderVarSet> const &vars) noexcept;
 
-glutils::GLVertexArray generateVertexArrayObject() noexcept;
+GLVertexArray generateVertexArrayObject() noexcept;
 
-glutils::GLBuffer generateBuffer() noexcept;
+GLBuffer generateBuffer() noexcept;
 
 [[nodiscard]]
 FrameBuffer generateFrameBuffer(int width, int height) noexcept;
@@ -215,20 +215,20 @@ void resizeFrameBuffer(FrameBuffer &fb, int width, int height) noexcept;
  */
 void resizeInitFrameBuffer(FrameBuffer &fb, int width, int height) noexcept;
 
-void resizeInitFrameBuffer(FrameBuffer &fb, ox::Size const&sz) noexcept;
+void resizeInitFrameBuffer(FrameBuffer &fb, ox::Size const &sz) noexcept;
 
 struct BufferSet {
-	glutils::GLVertexArray vao;
+	GLVertexArray vao;
-	glutils::GLBuffer vbo;
+	GLBuffer vbo;
-	glutils::GLBuffer ebo;
+	GLBuffer ebo;
-	glutils::GLTexture tex;
+	GLTexture tex;
 	ox::Vector<float> vertices;
 	ox::Vector<GLuint> elements;
 };
 
-void sendVbo(BufferSet const&bs) noexcept;
+void sendVbo(BufferSet const &bs) noexcept;
 
-void sendEbo(BufferSet const&bs) noexcept;
+void sendEbo(BufferSet const &bs) noexcept;
 
 void clearScreen() noexcept;
 

deps/glutils/src/glutils.cpp

@@ -46,9 +46,9 @@ template struct GLObject<deleteVertexArray>;
 template struct GLObject<deleteProgram>;
 template struct GLObject<deleteShader>;
 
-const FrameBuffer *FrameBufferBind::s_activeFb = nullptr;
+FrameBuffer const *FrameBufferBind::s_activeFb = nullptr;
 
-FrameBufferBind::FrameBufferBind(const FrameBuffer &fb) noexcept: m_restoreFb(s_activeFb) {
+FrameBufferBind::FrameBufferBind(FrameBuffer const &fb) noexcept: m_restoreFb(s_activeFb) {
 	s_activeFb = &fb;
 	glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fb);
 	glViewport(0, 0, fb.width, fb.height);
@@ -64,15 +64,15 @@ FrameBufferBind::~FrameBufferBind() noexcept {
 	}
 }
 
-void bind(const FrameBuffer &fb) noexcept {
+void bind(FrameBuffer const &fb) noexcept {
 	glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fb);
 	glViewport(0, 0, fb.width, fb.height);
 }
 
 
 static ox::Result<GLShader> buildShader(
-		GLuint shaderType,
+		GLuint const shaderType,
-		const GLchar *src,
+		GLchar const *src,
 		ox::StringViewCR shaderName) noexcept {
 	GLShader shader(glCreateShader(shaderType));
 	glShaderSource(shader, 1, &src, nullptr);
@@ -88,7 +88,7 @@ static ox::Result<GLShader> buildShader(
 	return shader;
 }
 
-ox::Result<GLProgram> buildShaderProgram(ProgramSource const&src) noexcept {
+ox::Result<GLProgram> buildShaderProgram(ProgramSource const &src) noexcept {
 	OX_REQUIRE_M(program, buildShaderProgram(
 			src.vertShader,
 			src.fragShader,
@@ -98,11 +98,11 @@ ox::Result<GLProgram> buildShaderProgram(ProgramSource const&src) noexcept {
 }
 
 void setupShaderParams(
-		GLProgram const&shader,
+		GLProgram const &shader,
-		ox::Vector<ShaderVarSet> const&vars,
+		ox::Vector<ShaderVarSet> const &vars,
 		GLsizei vertexRowLen) noexcept {
 	// setup vars
-	for (size_t lenWritten = 0; auto const&v : vars) {
+	for (size_t lenWritten = 0; auto const &v : vars) {
 		auto const attr = static_cast<GLuint>(glGetAttribLocation(shader, v.name.c_str()));
 		glEnableVertexAttribArray(attr);
 		glVertexAttribPointer(
@@ -113,19 +113,19 @@ void setupShaderParams(
 	}
 }
 
-void setupShaderParams(GLProgram const&shader, ox::Vector<ShaderVarSet> const&vars) noexcept {
+void setupShaderParams(GLProgram const &shader, ox::Vector<ShaderVarSet> const &vars) noexcept {
 	// get row len
 	GLsizei vertexRowLen{};
-	for (auto const&v : vars) {
+	for (auto const &v : vars) {
 		vertexRowLen += v.len;
 	}
 	setupShaderParams(shader, vars, vertexRowLen);
 }
 
 ox::Result<GLProgram> buildShaderProgram(
-		ox::CStringView const&vert,
+		ox::CStringView const &vert,
-		ox::CStringView const&frag,
+		ox::CStringView const &frag,
-		ox::CStringView const&geo) noexcept {
+		ox::CStringView const &geo) noexcept {
 	GLProgram prgm(glCreateProgram());
 	OX_REQUIRE(vs, buildShader(GL_VERTEX_SHADER, vert.c_str(), "vshad"));
 	glAttachShader(prgm, vs);
@@ -162,16 +162,30 @@ FrameBuffer generateFrameBuffer(int width, int height) noexcept {
 	// color texture
 	glGenTextures(1, &fb.color.id);
 	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, fb.color);
-	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, nullptr);
+	glTexImage2D(
+		GL_TEXTURE_2D,
+		0,
+		GL_RGB,
+		width,
+		height,
+		0,
+		GL_RGB,
+		GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
+		nullptr);
 	glGenerateMipmap(GL_TEXTURE_2D);
 	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
 	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR_MIPMAP_LINEAR);
-	glFramebufferTexture2D(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, fb.color, 0);
+	glFramebufferTexture2D(
+		GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, GL_TEXTURE_2D, fb.color, 0);
 	// depth texture
 	glGenRenderbuffers(1, &fb.depth.id);
 	glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, fb.depth);
 	glRenderbufferStorage(GL_RENDERBUFFER, GL_DEPTH24_STENCIL8, width, height);
-	glFramebufferRenderbuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT, GL_RENDERBUFFER, fb.depth);
+	glFramebufferRenderbuffer(
+		GL_FRAMEBUFFER,
+		GL_DEPTH_STENCIL_ATTACHMENT,
+		GL_RENDERBUFFER,
+		fb.depth);
 	// verify FBO
 	oxAssert(glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_FRAMEBUFFER) == GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE, "Frame Buffer is incomplete");
 	// restore primary FB
@@ -189,7 +203,16 @@ void resizeFrameBuffer(FrameBuffer &fb, int width, int height) noexcept {
 	glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, fb);
 	// color texture
 	glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D, fb.color);
-	glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGB, width, height, 0, GL_RGB, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, nullptr);
+	glTexImage2D(
+		GL_TEXTURE_2D,
+		0,
+		GL_RGB,
+		width,
+		height,
+		0,
+		GL_RGB,
+		GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,
+		nullptr);
 	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
 	glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_LINEAR);
 	// depth texture
@@ -201,7 +224,7 @@ void resizeFrameBuffer(FrameBuffer &fb, int width, int height) noexcept {
 	glBindRenderbuffer(GL_RENDERBUFFER, 0);
 }
 
-void resizeInitFrameBuffer(FrameBuffer &fb, int width, int height) noexcept {
+void resizeInitFrameBuffer(FrameBuffer &fb, int const width, int const height) noexcept {
 	if (!fb) {
 		fb = generateFrameBuffer(width, height);
 		return;
@@ -209,18 +232,18 @@ void resizeInitFrameBuffer(FrameBuffer &fb, int width, int height) noexcept {
 	resizeFrameBuffer(fb, width, height);
 }
 
-void resizeInitFrameBuffer(FrameBuffer &fb, ox::Size const&sz) noexcept {
+void resizeInitFrameBuffer(FrameBuffer &fb, ox::Size const &sz) noexcept {
 	resizeInitFrameBuffer(fb, sz.width, sz.height);
 }
 
-void sendVbo(BufferSet const&bs) noexcept {
+void sendVbo(BufferSet const &bs) noexcept {
-	const auto bufferSize = static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(sizeof(decltype(bs.vertices)::value_type) * bs.vertices.size());
+	auto const bufferSize = static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(sizeof(decltype(bs.vertices)::value_type) * bs.vertices.size());
 	glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bs.vbo);
 	glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, bufferSize, bs.vertices.data(), GL_DYNAMIC_DRAW);
 }
 
-void sendEbo(BufferSet const&bs) noexcept {
+void sendEbo(BufferSet const &bs) noexcept {
-	const auto bufferSize = static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(sizeof(decltype(bs.elements)::value_type) * bs.elements.size());
+	auto const bufferSize = static_cast<GLsizeiptr>(sizeof(decltype(bs.elements)::value_type) * bs.elements.size());
 	glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, bs.ebo);
 	glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, bufferSize, bs.elements.data(), GL_STATIC_DRAW);
 }

deps/imgui/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@ endif()
 # DrinkingTea: end
 
 add_library(
-	imgui OBJECT
+	imgui
 		imgui.cpp
 		imgui_demo.cpp
 		imgui_draw.cpp
@@ -19,4 +19,12 @@ add_library(
 target_include_directories(
 	imgui SYSTEM PUBLIC
 		.
-)
+)
+
+install(
+	TARGETS
+		imgui
+	DESTINATION
+		LIBRARY DESTINATION lib
+		ARCHIVE DESTINATION lib
+)

deps/nfde/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,4 +1,4 @@
-cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.5)
+cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.19)
 project(nativefiledialog-extended VERSION 1.1.1)
 
 set(nfd_ROOT_PROJECT OFF)

deps/ox/.liccor.yml

@@ -2,7 +2,7 @@
 source:
 - src
 copyright_notice: |-
-  Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+  Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
 
   This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
   License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/deps/jsoncpp/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 # CMake versions greater than the JSONCPP_NEWEST_VALIDATED_POLICIES_VERSION policies will
 # continue to generate policy warnings "CMake Warning (dev)...Policy CMP0XXX is not set:"
 #
-set(JSONCPP_OLDEST_VALIDATED_POLICIES_VERSION "3.8.0")
+set(JSONCPP_OLDEST_VALIDATED_POLICIES_VERSION "3.13.2")
 set(JSONCPP_NEWEST_VALIDATED_POLICIES_VERSION "3.13.2")
 cmake_minimum_required(VERSION ${JSONCPP_OLDEST_VALIDATED_POLICIES_VERSION})
 if("${CMAKE_VERSION}" VERSION_LESS "${JSONCPP_NEWEST_VALIDATED_POLICIES_VERSION}")

deps/ox/ox-docs.md

@@ -28,10 +28,7 @@ All components have a platform indicator next to them:
 Ox provides ```ox::Error``` to report errors.
 ```ox::Error``` is a struct that has overloaded operators to behave like an
 integer error code, plus some extra fields to enhance debuggability.
-If instantiated through the ```OxError(x)``` macro, it will also include the
+```ox::Error```s will also include the file and line of the error.
-file and line of the error.
-The ```OxError(x)``` macro should only be used for the initial instantiation of
-an ```ox::Error```.
 
 In addition to ```ox::Error``` there is also the template ```ox::Result<T>```.
 ```ox::Result``` simply wraps the type T value in a struct that also includes
@@ -49,7 +46,7 @@ ox::Result<int> foo(int i) noexcept {
 	if (i < 10) {
 		return i + 1; // implicitly calls ox::Result<T>::Result(T)
 	}
-	return OxError(1); // implicitly calls ox::Result<T>::Result(ox::Error)
+	return ox::Error(1); // implicitly calls ox::Result<T>::Result(ox::Error)
 }
 
 int caller1() {
@@ -181,6 +178,216 @@ variant for creating a non-const value.
 
 * ```OX_REQUIRE_M``` - OX_REQUIRE Mutable
 
+### Ox String Types
+
+Ox has six different major string types.
+These types are divided into two categories: store types and view types.
+
+String stores maintain a copy of the string data, whereas view types only
+maintain a reference to the data.
+Views should be used where you otherwise might use a const reference to a
+string store type.
+
+Having all of these different string types may sound like an interoperability
+nightmare, but taking string view types extensively where applicable makes the
+imagined interoperability issues virtually non-existent.
+
+#### String Store Types
+
+##### String / BasicString
+
+```ox::String```, or really ```ox::BasicString```, is Ox's version of
+```std::string```.
+Like ```std::string```, ```String``` allocates to store the string data.
+Also like ```std::string```, ```String``` allows for small string
+optimization for strings under 8 bytes.
+Unlike ```std::string```, the template that ```String``` is based on,
+```BasicString```, takes a parameter that allows adjusting to different size
+small string buffers.
+```ox::String``` is an alias to ```ox::BasicString<8>```.
+
+```cpp
+// s can hold up to 100 bytes, plus one for a null terminator before allocating
+ox::BasicString<100> s;
+```
+Also unlike ```std::string```, ```ox::String``` has an explicit C-string conversion
+constructor.
+This prevents accidental instantiations of ```String```.
+
+Consider the following:
+
+```cpp
+void fStd(std::string const&);
+void fOx(ox::String const&);
+
+int main() {
+    // implicit and silent instantiation of std::string, which includes an
+    // allocation
+    fStd("123456789");
+    // Will fail to compile:
+    fOx("123456789");
+    // But explicit String instantiation will work:
+    fOx(ox::String{"123456789"});
+}
+```
+
+##### IString
+
+```IString```, or "inline string", is like ```BasicString```, but it will cut
+off strings that exceed that limit.
+
+```cpp
+ox::IString<5> s; // s can hold up to 5 characters, plus a null terminator
+s = "12345";      // valid
+s = "123456";     // will compile and run, but will get cut off at '5'
+```
+
+This is useful for certain string categories that have fixed lengths, like UUID
+strings or for numbers.
+
+Ox makes use of ```IString``` in the following ways:
+
+```cpp
+using UUIDStr = ox::IString<36>;
+
+// and
+
+template<Integer_c Integer>
+[[nodiscard]]
+constexpr auto intToStr(Integer v) noexcept {
+	constexpr auto Cap = [] {
+		auto out = 0;
+		switch (sizeof(Integer)) {
+			case 1:
+				out = 3;
+				break;
+			case 2:
+				out = 5;
+				break;
+			case 4:
+				out = 10;
+				break;
+			case 8:
+				out = 21;
+				break;
+		}
+		return out + ox::is_signed_v<Integer>;
+	}();
+	ox::IString<Cap> out;
+	std::ignore = out.resize(out.cap());
+	ox::CharBuffWriter w{{out.data(), out.cap()}};
+	std::ignore = writeItoa(v, w);
+	std::ignore = out.resize(w.tellp());
+	return out;
+}
+```
+
+##### StringParam
+
+```StringParam``` is a weird type.
+Because ```String::String(const char*)``` is explicit, it becomes a pain for
+functions to take ```String```s.
+
+```cpp
+struct Type {
+    ox::String m_s;
+    explicit Type(ox::String p): m_s(std::move(p)) {
+    }
+};
+
+void f() {
+    ox::String s{"asdf"};
+    Type t1{"asdf"};             // invalid - will not compile
+    Type t2{s};                  // invalid - will not compile
+    Type t3{std::move(s)};       // valid
+    Type t4{ox::String{"asdf"}}; // valid
+}
+```
+
+```StringParam``` has implicit conversion constructors, and will appropriately
+move from r-value ```String```s or create a ```String``` if not passed
+ownership of an existing ```String```.
+Think of ```StringParam``` as a way to opt-in to implicit instantiation with
+strings.
+
+```StringParam``` can access the string as a view through the ```view()```
+function, and the ```String``` inside can be accessed by moving from the
+```StringParam```.
+
+```cpp
+struct Type {
+    ox::String m_s;
+    explicit Type(ox::StringParam p): m_s(std::move(p)) {
+    }
+};
+
+void f() {
+    ox::String s{"asdf"};
+    Type t1{"asdf"};             // valid
+    Type t2{s};                  // valid
+    Type t3{std::move(s)};       // valid
+    Type t4{ox::String{"asdf"}}; // valid
+}
+```
+
+#### String View Types
+
+##### StringView
+
+```ox::StringView``` is Ox's version of ```std::string_view```.
+```StringView``` contains a pointer to a string, along with its size.
+
+This should be the normal type taken when a function needs a string that will
+exist until it returns.
+
+##### CStringView
+
+```CStringView``` is like ```StringView```, but it comes with the promise that
+the string ends with a null terminator.
+Accordingly, it has a ```c_str()``` function in addition to the ```data()```
+function that ```StringView``` has.
+
+```CStringView``` should be used when wrapping a C API that only takes C
+strings.
+
+##### StringLiteral
+
+```StringLiteral``` is a string view type, but it kind of straddles the line
+between view and store types.
+Creating a ```StringLiteral``` is a promise that you are passing a string
+literal into the constructor.
+This means you can treat it like a store, that can be safely used as a copy of
+the data.
+Functions that take ```StringLiteral```s are allowed to assume that the data
+will have no lifetime concerns and hold onto it without any need to make a
+copy.
+It has a consteval constructor to enforce the promise that it is a compile time
+string.
+
+```cpp
+void f(ox::StringLiteral const&);
+
+int main() {
+    f("123456789");                     // valid
+    f(ox::String{"123456789"}.c_str()); // invalid - will not compile
+}
+```
+
+#### Other Variants
+
+There are a few convenience aliases as well.
+
+* StringCR = String const&
+* StringViewCR = StringView const&
+* CStringViewCR = CStringView const&
+* CString = const char*
+
+String views do not generally need const references, but it does make debugging
+easier, as we can skip the constructor call if a string view already exists.
+
+These kind of aliases probably should not exist for most types, but strings are
+fundamental and ease of use is desirable.
+
 ### Logging and Output
 
 Ox provides for logging and debug prints via the ```oxTrace```, ```oxDebug```, and ```oxError``` macros.

deps/ox/src/ox/clargs/clargs.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -15,21 +15,21 @@ ClArgs::ClArgs(int argc, const char **args) noexcept: ClArgs({args, static_cast<
 
 ClArgs::ClArgs(ox::SpanView<const char*> args) noexcept {
 	for (auto i = 0u; i < args.size(); ++i) {
-		auto arg = StringView(args[i]);
+		auto arg = StringView{args[i]};
 		if (arg[0] == '-') {
-			while (arg[0] == '-' && arg.len()) {
+			while (arg[0] == '-' && arg.size()) {
 				arg = substr(arg, 1);
 			}
 			m_bools[arg] = true;
 			// parse additional arguments
 			if (i < args.size() && args[i + 1]) {
-				auto val = String(args[i + 1]);
+				auto const val = StringView{args[i + 1]};
-				if (val.len() && val[i] != '-') {
+				if (val.size() && val[0] != '-') {
 					if (val == "false") {
 						m_bools[arg] = false;
 					}
 					m_strings[arg] = val;
-					if (auto r = ox::atoi(val.c_str()); r.error == 0) {
+					if (auto r = ox::strToInt(val); r.error == 0) {
 						m_ints[arg] = r.value;
 					}
 					++i;
@@ -40,17 +40,17 @@ ClArgs::ClArgs(ox::SpanView<const char*> args) noexcept {
 }
 
 bool ClArgs::getBool(ox::StringViewCR arg, bool defaultValue) const noexcept {
-	auto [value, err] = m_ints.at(arg);
+	auto const [value, err] = m_ints.at(arg);
 	return !err ? *value : defaultValue;
 }
 
 String ClArgs::getString(ox::StringViewCR arg, ox::StringView defaultValue) const noexcept {
-	auto [value, err] = m_strings.at(arg);
+	auto const [value, err] = m_strings.at(arg);
 	return !err ? ox::String(*value) : ox::String(defaultValue);
 }
 
 int ClArgs::getInt(ox::StringViewCR arg, int defaultValue) const noexcept {
-	auto [value, err] = m_ints.at(arg);
+	auto const [value, err] = m_ints.at(arg);
 	return !err ? *value : defaultValue;
 }
 

deps/ox/src/ox/clargs/clargs.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/claw/claw.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/claw/format.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/claw/read.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 
 namespace ox {
 
-ox::Result<ox::StringView> readClawTypeId(ox::BufferView buff) noexcept {
+Result<StringView> readClawTypeId(BufferView const buff) noexcept {
 	auto buffRaw = buff.data();
 	auto buffLen = buff.size();
 	size_t outSz{};
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ ox::Result<ox::StringView> readClawTypeId(ox::BufferView buff) noexcept {
 	return {{buff.data() + fmtSz, outSz - fmtSz - 1}};
 }
 
-Result<ClawHeader> readClawHeader(ox::BufferView buff) noexcept {
+Result<ClawHeader> readClawHeader(BufferView const buff) noexcept {
 	auto buffRaw = buff.data();
 	auto buffLen = buff.size();
 	const auto s1End = ox::strchr(buffRaw, ';', buffLen);
@@ -81,13 +81,13 @@ Result<ClawHeader> readClawHeader(ox::BufferView buff) noexcept {
 		return ox::Error(4, "Claw format does not match any supported format/version combo");
 	}
 	hdr.typeName = typeName;
-	std::ignore = ox::atoi(versionStr).copyTo(hdr.typeVersion);
+	std::ignore = ox::strToInt(versionStr).copyTo(hdr.typeVersion);
 	hdr.data = buffRaw;
 	hdr.dataSize = buffLen;
 	return hdr;
 }
 
-Result<BufferView> stripClawHeader(ox::BufferView buff) noexcept {
+Result<BufferView> stripClawHeader(BufferView const buff) noexcept {
 	OX_REQUIRE(header, readClawHeader(buff));
 	return {{header.data, header.dataSize}};
 }
@@ -106,15 +106,14 @@ Result<ModelObject> readClaw(TypeStore &ts, BufferView buff) noexcept {
 		{
 			ox::BufferReader br({header.data, header.dataSize});
 			MetalClawReader reader(br);
-			ModelHandlerInterface handler(&reader);
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(reader.interface(), &obj));
-			OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(&handler, &obj));
 			return obj;
 		}
 		case ClawFormat::Organic:
 		{
 #ifdef OX_USE_STDLIB
 			OrganicClawReader reader({header.data, header.dataSize});
-			ModelHandlerInterface handler(&reader);
+			ModelHandlerInterface handler(reader);
 			OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(&handler, &obj));
 			return obj;
 #else

deps/ox/src/ox/claw/read.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -52,8 +52,7 @@ Error readClaw(ox::BufferView buff, T &val) {
 		{
 			ox::BufferReader br({header.data, header.dataSize});
 			MetalClawReader reader(br);
-			ModelHandlerInterface handler(&reader);
+			return model(reader.interface(), &val);
-			return model(&handler, &val);
 		}
 		case ClawFormat::Organic:
 		{

deps/ox/src/ox/claw/readclaw.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/claw/test/tests.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -109,7 +109,7 @@ static std::map<ox::StringView, ox::Error(*)()> tests = {
 			"ClawHeaderReader",
 			[] {
 				constexpr auto hdr = ox::StringLiteral("O1;com.drinkingtea.ox.claw.test.Header;2;");
-				auto [ch, err] = ox::readClawHeader({hdr.c_str(), hdr.len() + 1});
+				auto [ch, err] = ox::readClawHeader({hdr.c_str(), hdr.size() + 1});
 				oxAssert(err, "Error parsing header");
 				oxAssert(ch.fmt == ox::ClawFormat::Organic, "Format wrong");
 				oxAssert(ch.typeName == "com.drinkingtea.ox.claw.test.Header", "Type name wrong");
@@ -121,7 +121,7 @@ static std::map<ox::StringView, ox::Error(*)()> tests = {
 			"ClawHeaderReader2",
 			[] {
 				constexpr auto hdr = ox::StringLiteral("M2;com.drinkingtea.ox.claw.test.Header2;3;");
-				auto [ch, err] = ox::readClawHeader({hdr.c_str(), hdr.len() + 1});
+				auto [ch, err] = ox::readClawHeader({hdr.c_str(), hdr.size() + 1});
 				oxAssert(err, "Error parsing header");
 				oxAssert(ch.fmt == ox::ClawFormat::Metal, "Format wrong");
 				oxAssert(ch.typeName == "com.drinkingtea.ox.claw.test.Header2", "Type name wrong");
@@ -134,8 +134,8 @@ static std::map<ox::StringView, ox::Error(*)()> tests = {
 			[] {
 				constexpr auto hdr = ox::StringLiteral("M2;com.drinkingtea.ox.claw.test.Header2;3;awefawf");
 				constexpr auto expected = ox::StringLiteral("com.drinkingtea.ox.claw.test.Header2;3");
-				OX_REQUIRE(actual, ox::readClawTypeId({hdr.data(), hdr.len() + 1}));
+				OX_REQUIRE(actual, ox::readClawTypeId({hdr.data(), hdr.size() + 1}));
-				oxExpect(actual, expected);
+				ox::expect(actual, expected);
 				return ox::Error{};
 			}
 		},

deps/ox/src/ox/claw/write.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/claw/write.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -39,7 +39,7 @@ struct TypeInfoCatcher {
 	}
 
 	constexpr Error field(...) noexcept {
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	}
 
 	static constexpr auto opType() {

deps/ox/src/ox/event/event.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/event/signal.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/event/signal.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -122,7 +122,7 @@ class Signal {
 			}
 		};
 
-		mutable Vector<UniquePtr<BaseSlot>> m_slots;
+		mutable Vector<UPtr<BaseSlot>> m_slots;
 
 	public:
 		~Signal() noexcept;
@@ -143,6 +143,11 @@ class Signal {
 
 		Error disconnectObject(const void *receiver) const noexcept;
 
+		[[nodiscard]]
+		size_t connectionCnt() const noexcept {
+			return m_slots.size();
+		}
+
 		void emit(Args... args) const;
 
 		Error emitCheckError(Args... args) const noexcept;
@@ -213,9 +218,9 @@ Error Signal<Args...>::emitCheckError(Args... args) const noexcept {
 		for (auto &f : m_slots) {
 			f->call(args...);
 		}
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	} catch (const ox::Exception &ex) {
-		return ox::Error(ex.file, ex.line, ex.errCode, ex.msg);
+		return ox::Error(ex.errCode, ex.msg, ex.src);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -298,7 +303,7 @@ class Signal<Error(Args...)> {
 			}
 		};
 
-		mutable Vector<UniquePtr<BaseSlot>> m_slots;
+		mutable Vector<UPtr<BaseSlot>> m_slots;
 
 	public:
 		~Signal() noexcept;
@@ -319,6 +324,11 @@ class Signal<Error(Args...)> {
 
 		Error disconnectObject(const void *receiver) const noexcept;
 
+		[[nodiscard]]
+		size_t connectionCnt() const noexcept {
+			return m_slots.size();
+		}
+
 		void emit(Args... args) const noexcept;
 
 		Error emitCheckError(Args... args) const noexcept;
@@ -400,7 +410,7 @@ Error Signal<Error(Args...)>::emitCheckError(Args... args) const noexcept {
 	for (auto &f : m_slots) {
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(f->call(ox::forward<Args>(args)...));
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 }

deps/ox/src/ox/event/test/tests.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/filestore/filestoretemplate.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/filestore/filestoretemplate.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -230,7 +230,7 @@ template<typename size_t>
 Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::incLinks(uint64_t id) {
 	OX_REQUIRE_M(item, find(static_cast<size_t>(id)).validate());
 	++item->links;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename size_t>
@@ -240,7 +240,7 @@ Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::decLinks(uint64_t id) {
 	if (item->links == 0) {
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(remove(item));
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename size_t>
@@ -298,7 +298,7 @@ Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::write(uint64_t id64, const void *data, FsSize_t
 						        dest->id.get(), dest.offset(), destData.size());
 						fsData->rootNode = dest.offset();
 						oxTracef("ox.fs.FileStoreTemplate.write", "Root inode: {}", dest->id.get());
-						return ox::Error(0);
+						return {};
 					}
 				} else {
 					oxTrace("ox.fs.FileStoreTemplate.write.fail", "Could not place item due to absence of FileStore header.");
@@ -427,20 +427,20 @@ Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::resize() {
 	oxTracef("ox.fs.FileStoreTemplate.resize", "resize to: {}", newSize);
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_buffer->setSize(newSize));
 	oxTracef("ox.fs.FileStoreTemplate.resize", "resized to: {}", m_buffer->size());
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename size_t>
 Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::resize(std::size_t size, void *newBuff) {
 	if (m_buffer->size() > size) {
-		return ox::Error(1);
+		return ox::Error{1, "new buffer is too small for existing data"};
 	}
 	m_buffSize = static_cast<size_t>(size);
 	if (newBuff) {
-		m_buffer = reinterpret_cast<Buffer*>(newBuff);
+		m_buffer = static_cast<Buffer*>(newBuff);
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_buffer->setSize(static_cast<size_t>(size)));
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename size_t>
@@ -479,7 +479,7 @@ Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::walk(Error(*cb)(uint8_t, uint64_t, uint64_t)) {
 	for (auto i = m_buffer->iterator(); i.valid(); i.next()) {
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(cb(i->fileType, i.ptr().offset(), i.ptr().end()));
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename size_t>
@@ -503,7 +503,7 @@ Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::compact() {
 	return m_buffer->compact([this, &isFirstItem](uint64_t oldAddr, ItemPtr item) -> Error {
 		if (isFirstItem) {
 			isFirstItem = false;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 		if (!item.valid()) {
 			return ox::Error(1);
@@ -524,7 +524,7 @@ Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::compact() {
 				parent->right = item;
 			}
 		}
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	});
 }
 
@@ -552,7 +552,7 @@ Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::placeItem(ItemPtr item) {
 		item->left = root->left;
 		item->right = root->right;
 		oxTracef("ox.fs.FileStoreTemplate.placeItem", "Overwrote Root Item: {}", item->id.get());
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	} else {
 		return placeItem(root, item);
 	}
@@ -573,7 +573,7 @@ Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::placeItem(ItemPtr root, ItemPtr item, int depth
 				item->right = right->right;
 			}
 			oxTracef("ox.fs.FileStoreTemplate.placeItem", "Placed Item: {}", item->id.get());
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		} else {
 			return placeItem(right, item, depth + 1);
 		}
@@ -586,7 +586,7 @@ Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::placeItem(ItemPtr root, ItemPtr item, int depth
 				item->right = left->right;
 			}
 			oxTracef("ox.fs.FileStoreTemplate.placeItem", "Placed Item: {}", item->id.get());
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		} else {
 			return placeItem(left, item, depth + 1);
 		}
@@ -624,7 +624,7 @@ Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::unplaceItem(ItemPtr item) {
 		} else {
 			fsData->rootNode = 0;
 		}
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	} else {
 		return unplaceItem(root, item);
 	}
@@ -661,7 +661,7 @@ Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::unplaceItem(ItemPtr root, ItemPtr item, int dep
 	if (item->left) {
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(placeItem(m_buffer->ptr(item->left)));
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename size_t>
@@ -669,7 +669,7 @@ Error FileStoreTemplate<size_t>::remove(ItemPtr item) {
 	if (item.valid()) {
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(unplaceItem(item));
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_buffer->free(item));
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	}
 	return ox::Error(1);
 }

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/filesystem/directory.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/filesystem/directory.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -52,7 +52,7 @@ struct OX_PACKED DirectoryEntry {
 			if (d.valid()) {
 				d->inode = inode;
 				auto const maxStrSz = bufferSize - 1 - sizeof(*this);
-				ox::strncpy(d->name, name.data(), ox::min(maxStrSz, name.len()));
+				ox::strncpy(d->name, name.data(), ox::min(maxStrSz, name.size()));
 				return {};
 			}
 			return ox::Error(1);
@@ -219,7 +219,7 @@ Error Directory<FileStore, InodeId_t>::write(PathIterator path, uint64_t inode64
 			oxTrace("ox.fs.Directory.write.fail", "Could not read existing version of Directory");
 			return ox::Error(1, "Could not read existing version of Directory");
 		}
-		const auto pathSize = name.len() + 1;
+		const auto pathSize = name.size() + 1;
 		const auto entryDataSize = DirectoryEntry<InodeId_t>::DirectoryEntryData::spaceNeeded(pathSize);
 		const auto newSize = oldStat.size + Buffer::spaceNeeded(entryDataSize);
 		auto cpy = ox_malloca(newSize, Buffer, *old, oldStat.size);

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/filesystem/filelocation.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -31,10 +31,10 @@ FileAddress::FileAddress(uint64_t inode) noexcept {
 FileAddress::FileAddress(ox::StringViewCR path) noexcept {
 	auto pathSize = path.bytes();
 	m_data.path = new char[pathSize + 1];
+	OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 	memcpy(m_data.path, path.data(), pathSize);
-OX_CLANG_NOWARN_BEGIN(-Wunsafe-buffer-usage)
 	m_data.path[pathSize] = 0;
-OX_CLANG_NOWARN_END
+	OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 	m_type = FileAddressType::Path;
 }
 
@@ -48,9 +48,11 @@ FileAddress &FileAddress::operator=(const FileAddress &other) noexcept {
 		case FileAddressType::Path:
 		{
 			if (other.m_data.path) {
+				OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 				auto strSize = ox::strlen(other.m_data.path) + 1;
 				m_data.path = new char[strSize];
 				ox::memcpy(m_data.path, other.m_data.path, strSize);
+				OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 			} else {
 				m_data.constPath = "";
 				m_type = FileAddressType::ConstPath;

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/filesystem/filelocation.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -24,9 +24,6 @@ enum class FileAddressType: int8_t {
 	Inode,
 };
 
-template<typename T>
-constexpr Error model(T *h, CommonPtrWith<class FileAddress> auto *fa) noexcept;
-
 class FileAddress {
 
 	template<typename T>

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/filesystem/filesystem.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -37,6 +37,30 @@ Error FileSystem::read(const FileAddress &addr, void *buffer, std::size_t size)
 	}
 }
 
+Result<Buffer> FileSystem::read(FileAddress const &addr, size_t const size) noexcept {
+	Result<Buffer> out;
+	out.value.resize(size);
+	switch (addr.type()) {
+		case FileAddressType::Inode:
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(readFileInode(addr.getInode().value, out.value.data(), size));
+			break;
+		case FileAddressType::ConstPath:
+		case FileAddressType::Path:
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(readFilePath(StringView{addr.getPath().value}, out.value.data(), size));
+			break;
+		default:
+			return ox::Error{1};
+	}
+	return out;
+}
+
+Result<Buffer> FileSystem::read(StringViewCR path, size_t const size) noexcept {
+	Result<Buffer> out;
+	out.value.resize(size);
+	OX_RETURN_ERROR(readFilePath(path, out.value.data(), size));
+	return out;
+}
+
 Result<Buffer> FileSystem::read(const FileAddress &addr) noexcept {
 	OX_REQUIRE(s, stat(addr));
 	Buffer buff(static_cast<std::size_t>(s.size));
@@ -51,28 +75,31 @@ Result<Buffer> FileSystem::read(StringViewCR path) noexcept {
 	return buff;
 }
 
-Error FileSystem::read(const FileAddress &addr, std::size_t readStart, std::size_t readSize, void *buffer, std::size_t *size) noexcept {
+Error FileSystem::read(
+		FileAddress const &addr,
+		std::size_t const readStart,
+		std::size_t const readSize,
+		void *buffer,
+		std::size_t *size) noexcept {
 	switch (addr.type()) {
 		case FileAddressType::Inode:
-			return read(addr.getInode().value, readStart, readSize, buffer, size);
+			return readFileInodeRange(addr.getInode().value, readStart, readSize, buffer, size);
 		case FileAddressType::ConstPath:
 		case FileAddressType::Path:
-			return ox::Error(2, "Unsupported for path lookups");
+			return readFilePathRange(addr.getPath().value, readStart, readSize, buffer, size);
 		default:
 			return ox::Error(1);
 	}
 }
 
-Error FileSystem::remove(const FileAddress &addr, bool recursive) noexcept {
+Result<size_t> FileSystem::read(
-	switch (addr.type()) {
+		StringViewCR path,
-		case FileAddressType::Inode:
+		std::size_t const readStart,
-			return remove(addr.getInode().value, recursive);
+		std::size_t const readSize,
-		case FileAddressType::ConstPath:
+		Span<char> buff) noexcept {
-		case FileAddressType::Path:
+	size_t szOut{buff.size()};
-			return remove(StringView(addr.getPath().value), recursive);
+	OX_RETURN_ERROR(readFilePathRange(path, readStart, readSize, buff.data(), &szOut));
-		default:
+	return szOut;
-			return ox::Error(1);
-	}
 }
 
 Error FileSystem::write(const FileAddress &addr, const void *buffer, uint64_t size, FileType fileType) noexcept {

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/filesystem/filesystem.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -20,7 +20,7 @@
 namespace ox {
 
 namespace detail {
-static inline void fsBuffFree(char *buff) noexcept {
+inline void fsBuffFree(char *buff) noexcept {
 	safeDelete(buff);
 }
 }
@@ -41,25 +41,45 @@ class FileSystem {
 
 		Error read(const FileAddress &addr, void *buffer, std::size_t size) noexcept;
 
+		Result<Buffer> read(FileAddress const &addr, size_t size) noexcept;
+
+		Result<Buffer> read(StringViewCR path, size_t size) noexcept;
+
 		Result<Buffer> read(const FileAddress &addr) noexcept;
 
 		Result<Buffer> read(StringViewCR path) noexcept;
 
-		inline Error read(StringViewCR path, void *buffer, std::size_t buffSize) noexcept {
+		Error read(StringViewCR path, void *buffer, std::size_t buffSize) noexcept {
 			return readFilePath(path, buffer, buffSize);
 		}
 
-		inline Error read(uint64_t inode, void *buffer, std::size_t buffSize) noexcept {
+		Error read(uint64_t inode, void *buffer, std::size_t buffSize) noexcept {
 			return readFileInode(inode, buffer, buffSize);
 		}
 
-		Error read(const FileAddress &addr, std::size_t readStart, std::size_t readSize, void *buffer, std::size_t *size) noexcept;
+		Error read(
+			FileAddress const &addr,
+			size_t readStart,
+			size_t readSize,
+			void *buffer,
+			size_t *size) noexcept;
+
+		/**
+		 *
+		 * @param path
+		 * @param readStart
+		 * @param readSize
+		 * @param buff
+		 * @return error or number of bytes read
+		 */
+		Result<size_t> read(
+			StringViewCR path, size_t readStart, size_t readSize, ox::Span<char> buff) noexcept;
 
 		virtual Result<Vector<String>> ls(StringViewCR dir) const noexcept = 0;
 
-		virtual Error remove(StringViewCR path, bool recursive) noexcept = 0;
+		Error remove(StringViewCR path, bool recursive = false) noexcept {
-
+			return removePath(path, recursive);
-		Error remove(const FileAddress &addr, bool recursive = false) noexcept;
+		}
 
 		virtual Error resize(uint64_t size, void *buffer) noexcept = 0;
 
@@ -67,7 +87,7 @@ class FileSystem {
 			return writeFilePath(path, buffer, size, FileType::NormalFile);
 		}
 
-		Error write(StringViewCR path, ox::Span<char> const&buff) noexcept {
+		Error write(StringViewCR path, ox::SpanView<char> const&buff) noexcept {
 			return write(path, buff.data(), buff.size(), FileType::NormalFile);
 		}
 
@@ -75,42 +95,42 @@ class FileSystem {
 			return write(inode, buffer, size, FileType::NormalFile);
 		}
 
-		Error write(uint64_t inode, ox::Span<char> const&buff) noexcept {
+		Error write(uint64_t inode, ox::SpanView<char> const&buff) noexcept {
 			return write(inode, buff.data(), buff.size(), FileType::NormalFile);
 		}
 
 		Error write(const FileAddress &addr, const void *buffer, uint64_t size, FileType fileType = FileType::NormalFile) noexcept;
 
-		inline Error write(StringViewCR path, const void *buffer, uint64_t size, FileType fileType) noexcept {
+		Error write(StringViewCR path, const void *buffer, uint64_t size, FileType fileType) noexcept {
 			return writeFilePath(path, buffer, size, fileType);
 		}
 
-		inline Error write(uint64_t inode, const void *buffer, uint64_t size, FileType fileType) noexcept {
+		Error write(uint64_t inode, const void *buffer, uint64_t size, FileType fileType) noexcept {
 			return writeFileInode(inode, buffer, size, fileType);
 		}
 
-		inline Result<FileStat> stat(uint64_t inode) const noexcept {
+		Result<FileStat> stat(uint64_t inode) const noexcept {
 			return statInode(inode);
 		}
 
-		inline Result<FileStat> stat(StringViewCR path) const noexcept {
+		Result<FileStat> stat(StringViewCR path) const noexcept {
 			return statPath(path);
 		}
 
 		Result<FileStat> stat(const FileAddress &addr) const noexcept;
 
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		inline bool exists(uint64_t inode) const noexcept {
+		bool exists(uint64_t inode) const noexcept {
 			return statInode(inode).ok();
 		}
 
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		inline bool exists(ox::StringView path) const noexcept {
+		bool exists(ox::StringView path) const noexcept {
 			return statPath(path).ok();
 		}
 
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		inline bool exists(FileAddress const&addr) const noexcept {
+		bool exists(FileAddress const&addr) const noexcept {
 			return stat(addr).ok();
 		}
 
@@ -140,7 +160,12 @@ class FileSystem {
 
 		virtual Error readFileInode(uint64_t inode, void *buffer, std::size_t size) noexcept = 0;
 
-		virtual Error readFileInodeRange(uint64_t inode, std::size_t readStart, std::size_t readSize, void *buffer, std::size_t *size) noexcept = 0;
+		virtual Error readFilePathRange(
+			StringViewCR path, size_t readStart, size_t readSize, void *buffer, size_t *buffSize) noexcept = 0;
+
+		virtual Error readFileInodeRange(uint64_t inode, size_t readStart, size_t readSize, void *buffer, size_t *size) noexcept = 0;
+
+		virtual Error removePath(StringViewCR path, bool recursive) noexcept = 0;
 
 		virtual Error writeFilePath(StringViewCR path, const void *buffer, uint64_t size, FileType fileType) noexcept = 0;
 
@@ -152,11 +177,11 @@ class MemFS: public FileSystem {
 	public:
 		Result<const char*> directAccess(const FileAddress &addr) const noexcept;
 
-		inline Result<const char*> directAccess(StringViewCR path) const noexcept {
+		Result<const char*> directAccess(StringViewCR path) const noexcept {
 			return directAccessPath(path);
 		}
 
-		inline Result<const char*> directAccess(uint64_t inode) const noexcept {
+		Result<const char*> directAccess(uint64_t inode) const noexcept {
 			return directAccessInode(inode);
 		}
 
@@ -209,6 +234,11 @@ class FileSystemTemplate: public MemFS {
 
 		Error readFileInodeRange(uint64_t inode, std::size_t readStart, std::size_t readSize, void *buffer, std::size_t *size) noexcept override;
 
+		Error readFilePathRange(
+			StringViewCR path, size_t readStart, size_t readSize, void *buffer, size_t *buffSize) noexcept override;
+
+		Error removePath(StringViewCR path, bool recursive) noexcept override;
+
 		Result<const char*> directAccessInode(uint64_t) const noexcept override;
 
 		Result<Vector<String>> ls(StringViewCR dir) const noexcept override;
@@ -216,8 +246,6 @@ class FileSystemTemplate: public MemFS {
 		template<typename F>
 		Error ls(StringViewCR path, F cb) const;
 
-		Error remove(StringViewCR path, bool recursive) noexcept override;
-
 		/**
 		 * Resizes FileSystem to minimum possible size.
 		 */
@@ -301,7 +329,7 @@ Error FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::format(void *buff, uint64_t buff
 		return ox::Error(1);
 	}
 
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename FileStore, typename Directory>
@@ -318,7 +346,7 @@ Error FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::move(StringViewCR src, StringVie
 	OX_REQUIRE_M(inode, rootDir.find(src));
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(rootDir.write(dest, inode));
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(rootDir.remove(src));
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename FileStore, typename Directory>
@@ -357,35 +385,14 @@ Error FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::readFileInodeRange(uint64_t inod
 }
 
 template<typename FileStore, typename Directory>
-Result<const char*> FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::directAccessInode(uint64_t inode) const noexcept {
+Error FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::readFilePathRange(
-	auto data = m_fs.read(inode);
+	StringViewCR path, size_t readStart, size_t readSize, void *buffer, size_t *buffSize) noexcept {
-	if (!data.valid()) {
-		return ox::Error(1, "Data not valid");
-	}
-	return reinterpret_cast<char*>(data.get());
-}
-
-template<typename FileStore, typename Directory>
-Result<Vector<String>> FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::ls(StringViewCR path) const noexcept {
-	Vector<String> out;
-	OX_RETURN_ERROR(ls(path, [&out](StringViewCR name, typename FileStore::InodeId_t) {
-		out.emplace_back(name);
-		return ox::Error(0);
-	}));
-	return out;
-}
-
-template<typename FileStore, typename Directory>
-template<typename F>
-Error FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::ls(StringViewCR path, F cb) const {
-	oxTracef("ox.fs.FileSystemTemplate.ls", "path: {}", path);
 	OX_REQUIRE(s, stat(path));
-	Directory dir(m_fs, s.inode);
+	return readFileInodeRange(s.inode, readStart, readSize, buffer, buffSize);
-	return dir.ls(cb);
 }
 
 template<typename FileStore, typename Directory>
-Error FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::remove(StringViewCR path, bool recursive) noexcept {
+Error FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::removePath(StringViewCR path, bool recursive) noexcept {
 	OX_REQUIRE(fd, fileSystemData());
 	Directory rootDir(m_fs, fd.rootDirInode);
 	OX_REQUIRE(inode, rootDir.find(path));
@@ -400,7 +407,35 @@ Error FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::remove(StringViewCR path, bool r
 		oxTrace("FileSystemTemplate.remove.fail", "Tried to remove directory without recursive setting.");
 		return ox::Error(1);
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
+}
+
+template<typename FileStore, typename Directory>
+Result<const char*> FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::directAccessInode(uint64_t inode) const noexcept {
+	auto data = m_fs.read(inode);
+	if (!data.valid()) {
+		return ox::Error(1, "Data not valid");
+	}
+	return reinterpret_cast<char*>(data.get());
+}
+
+template<typename FileStore, typename Directory>
+Result<Vector<String>> FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::ls(StringViewCR path) const noexcept {
+	Vector<String> out;
+	OX_RETURN_ERROR(ls(path, [&out](StringViewCR name, typename FileStore::InodeId_t) {
+		out.emplace_back(name);
+		return ox::Error{};
+	}));
+	return out;
+}
+
+template<typename FileStore, typename Directory>
+template<typename F>
+Error FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::ls(StringViewCR path, F cb) const {
+	oxTracef("ox.fs.FileSystemTemplate.ls", "path: {}", path);
+	OX_REQUIRE(s, stat(path));
+	Directory dir(m_fs, s.inode);
+	return dir.ls(cb);
 }
 
 template<typename FileStore, typename Directory>
@@ -433,7 +468,7 @@ Error FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::writeFilePath(
 
 template<typename FileStore, typename Directory>
 Error FileSystemTemplate<FileStore, Directory>::writeFileInode(uint64_t inode, const void *buffer, uint64_t size, FileType fileType) noexcept {
-	oxTrace("ox.fs.FileSystemTemplate.writeFileInode", ox::itoa(inode));
+	oxTrace("ox.fs.FileSystemTemplate.writeFileInode", ox::intToStr(inode));
 	return m_fs.write(inode, buffer, static_cast<size_t>(size), static_cast<uint8_t>(fileType));
 }
 

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/filesystem/passthroughfs.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -60,7 +60,7 @@ Error PassThroughFS::move(StringViewCR src, StringViewCR dest) noexcept {
 	if (ec.value()) {
 		return ox::Error(1);
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 Result<Vector<String>> PassThroughFS::ls(StringViewCR dir) const noexcept {
@@ -75,14 +75,6 @@ Result<Vector<String>> PassThroughFS::ls(StringViewCR dir) const noexcept {
 	return out;
 }
 
-Error PassThroughFS::remove(StringViewCR path, bool recursive) noexcept {
-	if (recursive) {
-		return ox::Error(std::filesystem::remove_all(m_path / stripSlash(path)) != 0);
-	} else {
-		return ox::Error(std::filesystem::remove(m_path / stripSlash(path)) != 0);
-	}
-}
-
 Error PassThroughFS::resize(uint64_t, void*) noexcept {
 	// unsupported
 	return ox::Error(1, "resize is not supported by PassThroughFS");
@@ -101,7 +93,9 @@ Result<FileStat> PassThroughFS::statPath(StringViewCR path) const noexcept {
 	oxTracef("ox.fs.PassThroughFS.statInode", "{} {}", ec.message(), path);
 	const uint64_t size = type == FileType::Directory ? 0 : std::filesystem::file_size(p, ec);
 	oxTracef("ox.fs.PassThroughFS.statInode.size", "{} {}", path, size);
-	OX_RETURN_ERROR(ox::Error(static_cast<ox::ErrorCode>(ec.value()), "PassThroughFS: stat failed"));
+	if (auto err = ec.value()) {
+		return ox::Error{static_cast<ox::ErrorCode>(err), "PassThroughFS: stat failed"};
+	}
 	return FileStat{0, 0, size, type};
 }
 
@@ -154,7 +148,7 @@ Error PassThroughFS::readFilePath(StringViewCR path, void *buffer, std::size_t b
 		oxTracef("ox.fs.PassThroughFS.read.error", "Read of {} failed: {}", path, f.what());
 		return ox::Error(2);
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 Error PassThroughFS::readFileInode(uint64_t, void*, std::size_t) noexcept {
@@ -162,11 +156,38 @@ Error PassThroughFS::readFileInode(uint64_t, void*, std::size_t) noexcept {
 	return ox::Error(1, "readFileInode(uint64_t, void*, std::size_t) is not supported by PassThroughFS");
 }
 
+Error PassThroughFS::readFilePathRange(
+	StringViewCR path, size_t const readStart, size_t readSize, void *buffer, size_t *buffSize) noexcept {
+	try {
+		std::ifstream file(m_path / stripSlash(path), std::ios::binary | std::ios::ate);
+		auto const size = static_cast<size_t>(file.tellg());
+		readSize = ox::min(readSize, size);
+		file.seekg(static_cast<off_t>(readStart), std::ios::beg);
+		if (readSize > *buffSize) {
+			oxTracef("ox.fs.PassThroughFS.read.error", "Read failed: Buffer too small: {}", path);
+			return ox::Error{1};
+		}
+		file.read(static_cast<char*>(buffer), static_cast<std::streamsize>(readSize));
+		return {};
+	} catch (std::fstream::failure const &f) {
+		oxTracef("ox.fs.PassThroughFS.read.error", "Read of {} failed: {}", path, f.what());
+		return ox::Error{2};
+	}
+}
+
 Error PassThroughFS::readFileInodeRange(uint64_t, std::size_t, std::size_t, void*, std::size_t*) noexcept {
 	// unsupported
 	return ox::Error(1, "read(uint64_t, std::size_t, std::size_t, void*, std::size_t*) is not supported by PassThroughFS");
 }
 
+Error PassThroughFS::removePath(StringViewCR path, bool const recursive) noexcept {
+	if (recursive) {
+		return ox::Error{std::filesystem::remove_all(m_path / stripSlash(path)) == 0};
+	} else {
+		return ox::Error{!std::filesystem::remove(m_path / stripSlash(path))};
+	}
+}
+
 Error PassThroughFS::writeFilePath(StringViewCR path, const void *buffer, uint64_t size, FileType) noexcept {
 	const auto p = (m_path / stripSlash(path));
 	try {
@@ -176,7 +197,7 @@ Error PassThroughFS::writeFilePath(StringViewCR path, const void *buffer, uint64
 		oxTracef("ox.fs.PassThroughFS.read.error", "Write of {} failed: {}", path, f.what());
 		return ox::Error(1);
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 Error PassThroughFS::writeFileInode(uint64_t, const void*, uint64_t, FileType) noexcept {
@@ -185,8 +206,7 @@ Error PassThroughFS::writeFileInode(uint64_t, const void*, uint64_t, FileType) n
 }
 
 std::string_view PassThroughFS::stripSlash(StringView path) noexcept {
-	const auto pathLen = ox::strlen(path);
+	for (auto i = 0u; i < path.size() && path[0] == '/'; i++) {
-	for (auto i = 0u; i < pathLen && path[0] == '/'; i++) {
 		path = substr(path, 1);
 	}
 	return {path.data(), path.bytes()};

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/filesystem/passthroughfs.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -45,8 +45,6 @@ class PassThroughFS: public FileSystem {
 		template<typename F>
 		Error ls(StringViewCR dir, F cb) const noexcept;
 
-		Error remove(StringViewCR path, bool recursive) noexcept override;
-
 		Error resize(uint64_t size, void *buffer) noexcept override;
 
 		Result<FileStat> statInode(uint64_t inode) const noexcept override;
@@ -73,8 +71,13 @@ class PassThroughFS: public FileSystem {
 
 		Error readFileInode(uint64_t inode, void *buffer, std::size_t size) noexcept override;
 
+		Error readFilePathRange(
+			StringViewCR path, size_t readStart, size_t readSize, void *buffer, size_t *buffSize) noexcept override;
+
 		Error readFileInodeRange(uint64_t inode, std::size_t readStart, std::size_t readSize, void *buffer, std::size_t *size) noexcept override;
 
+		Error removePath(StringViewCR path, bool recursive) noexcept override;
+
 		Error writeFilePath(StringViewCR path, const void *buffer, uint64_t size, FileType fileType) noexcept override;
 
 		Error writeFileInode(uint64_t inode, const void *buffer, uint64_t size, FileType fileType) noexcept override;
@@ -96,7 +99,7 @@ Error PassThroughFS::ls(StringViewCR dir, F cb) const noexcept {
 	for (auto &p : di) {
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(cb(p.path().filename().c_str(), 0));
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 }

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/filesystem/pathiterator.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -36,7 +36,7 @@ Error PathIterator::dirPath(char *out, std::size_t outSize) {
 	if (idx >= 0 && size < outSize) {
 		ox::memcpy(out, m_path, size);
 		out[size] = 0;
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	} else {
 		return ox::Error(1);
 	}
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ Error PathIterator::get(StringView &fileName) {
 	if (size && fileName[size - 1] == '/') {
 		fileName = ox::substr(m_path, start, start + size - 1);
 	}
-	oxAssert(fileName[fileName.len()-1] != '/', "name ends in /");
+	oxAssert(fileName[fileName.size()-1] != '/', "name ends in /");
 	return {};
 }
 
@@ -85,7 +85,7 @@ Error PathIterator::next(StringView &fileName) {
 	std::size_t size = 0;
 	auto retval = ox::Error(1);
 	if (m_iterator < m_maxSize && ox::strlen(&m_path[m_iterator])) {
-		retval = ox::Error(0);
+		retval = {};
 		if (m_path[m_iterator] == '/') {
 			m_iterator++;
 		}
@@ -104,11 +104,11 @@ Error PathIterator::next(StringView &fileName) {
 		}
 		fileName = ox::substr(m_path, start, start + size);
 		// truncate trailing /
-		while (fileName.len() && fileName[fileName.len() - 1] == '/') {
+		while (fileName.size() && fileName[fileName.size() - 1] == '/') {
 			fileName = ox::substr(m_path, start, start + size);
 		}
 		m_iterator += size;
-		oxAssert(fileName.len() == 0 || fileName[fileName.len()-1] != '/', "name ends in /");
+		oxAssert(fileName.size() == 0 || fileName[fileName.size()-1] != '/', "name ends in /");
 	}
 	return retval;
 }
@@ -118,7 +118,7 @@ Result<std::size_t> PathIterator::nextSize() const {
 	auto retval = ox::Error(1);
 	auto it = m_iterator;
 	if (it < m_maxSize && ox::strlen(&m_path[it])) {
-		retval = ox::Error(0);
+		retval = {};
 		if (m_path[it] == '/') {
 			it++;
 		}

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/filesystem/pathiterator.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/filesystem/types.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/fs.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/ptrarith/nodebuffer.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -354,7 +354,7 @@ Error NodeBuffer<size_t, Item>::free(ItemPtr item) noexcept {
 		}
 	}
 	m_header.bytesUsed -= item.size();
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename size_t, typename Item>
@@ -370,7 +370,7 @@ Error NodeBuffer<size_t, Item>::setSize(std::size_t size) noexcept {
 		m_header.size = static_cast<size_t>(size);
 		auto data = reinterpret_cast<uint8_t*>(this) + end;
 		ox::memset(data, 0, size - end);
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	}
 }
 
@@ -422,7 +422,7 @@ Error NodeBuffer<size_t, Item>::compact(F cb) noexcept {
 		src = ptr(dest->next);
 		dest = uninitializedPtr(dest.offset() + dest->fullSize());
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename size_t, typename Item>

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/ptrarith/ptr.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/test/tests.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -59,7 +59,7 @@ const std::map<ox::StringView, std::function<ox::Error(ox::StringView)>> tests =
 			"PathIterator::next1",
 			[](ox::StringView) {
 				auto constexpr path = ox::StringLiteral("/usr/share/charset.gbag");
-				ox::PathIterator it(path.c_str(), path.len());
+				ox::PathIterator it(path.c_str(), path.size());
 				ox::StringView buff;
 				oxAssert(it.next(buff) == 0 && buff == "usr", "PathIterator shows wrong next");
 				oxAssert(it.next(buff) == 0 && buff == "share", "PathIterator shows wrong next");
@@ -74,9 +74,9 @@ const std::map<ox::StringView, std::function<ox::Error(ox::StringView)>> tests =
 				ox::PathIterator it(path);
 				ox::StringView buff;
 				oxAssert(it.next(buff), "PathIterator::next returned error");
-				oxExpect(buff, "usr");
+				ox::expect(buff, "usr");
 				oxAssert(it.next(buff), "PathIterator::next returned error");
-				oxExpect(buff, "share");
+				ox::expect(buff, "share");
 				return ox::Error(0);
 			}
 		},
@@ -84,7 +84,7 @@ const std::map<ox::StringView, std::function<ox::Error(ox::StringView)>> tests =
 			"PathIterator::next3",
 			[](ox::StringView) {
 				auto const path = ox::String("/");
-				ox::PathIterator it(path.c_str(), path.len());
+				ox::PathIterator it(path.c_str(), path.size());
 				ox::StringView buff;
 				oxAssert(it.next(buff) == 0 && buff == "\0", "PathIterator shows wrong next");
 				return ox::Error(0);
@@ -106,7 +106,7 @@ const std::map<ox::StringView, std::function<ox::Error(ox::StringView)>> tests =
 			"PathIterator::next5",
 			[](ox::StringView) {
 				auto const path = ox::String("usr/share/");
-				ox::PathIterator it(path.c_str(), path.len());
+				ox::PathIterator it(path.c_str(), path.size());
 				ox::StringView buff;
 				oxAssert(it.next(buff) == 0 && buff == "usr", "PathIterator shows wrong next");
 				oxAssert(it.next(buff) == 0 && buff == "share", "PathIterator shows wrong next");
@@ -117,9 +117,11 @@ const std::map<ox::StringView, std::function<ox::Error(ox::StringView)>> tests =
 			"PathIterator::dirPath",
 			[] (ox::StringView) {
 				auto constexpr path = ox::StringLiteral("/usr/share/charset.gbag");
-				ox::PathIterator it(path.c_str(), path.len());
+				ox::PathIterator it(path.c_str(), path.size());
-				auto buff = static_cast<char*>(ox_alloca(path.len() + 1));
+				auto buff = static_cast<char*>(ox_alloca(path.size() + 1));
-				oxAssert(it.dirPath(buff, path.len()) == 0 && ox::strcmp(buff, "/usr/share/") == 0, "PathIterator shows incorrect dir path");
+				OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
+				oxAssert(it.dirPath(buff, path.size()) == 0 && ox::strcmp(buff, "/usr/share/") == 0, "PathIterator shows incorrect dir path");
+				OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 				return ox::Error(0);
 			}
 		},
@@ -127,7 +129,9 @@ const std::map<ox::StringView, std::function<ox::Error(ox::StringView)>> tests =
 			"PathIterator::hasNext",
 			[](ox::StringView) {
 				const auto path = "/file1";
+				OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 				ox::PathIterator it(path, ox::strlen(path));
+				OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 				oxAssert(it.hasNext(), "PathIterator shows incorrect hasNext");
 				oxAssert(!it.next().hasNext(), "PathIterator shows incorrect hasNext");
 				return ox::Error(0);
@@ -163,14 +167,16 @@ const std::map<ox::StringView, std::function<ox::Error(ox::StringView)>> tests =
 			[](ox::StringView) {
 				constexpr auto buffLen = 5000;
 				constexpr auto str1 = "Hello, World!";
+				OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 				constexpr auto str1Len = ox::strlen(str1) + 1;
 				constexpr auto str2 = "Hello, Moon!";
 				constexpr auto str2Len = ox::strlen(str2) + 1;
+				OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 				auto list = new (ox_alloca(buffLen)) ox::ptrarith::NodeBuffer<uint32_t, ox::FileStoreItem<uint32_t>>(buffLen);
 				oxAssert(ox::FileStore32::format(list, buffLen), "FileStore::format failed.");
 				ox::FileStore32 fileStore(list, buffLen);
-				oxAssert(fileStore.write(4, const_cast<char*>(str1), str1Len, 1), "FileStore::write 1 failed.");
+				oxAssert(fileStore.write(4, str1, str1Len, 1), "FileStore::write 1 failed.");
-				oxAssert(fileStore.write(5, const_cast<char*>(str2), str2Len, 1), "FileStore::write 2 failed.");
+				oxAssert(fileStore.write(5, str2, str2Len, 1), "FileStore::write 2 failed.");
 
 				char str1Read[str1Len];
 				size_t str1ReadSize = 0;

deps/ox/src/ox/fs/tool.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -34,7 +34,7 @@ static ox::Result<Buff> loadFsBuff(const char *path) noexcept {
 	}
 }
 
-static ox::Result<ox::UniquePtr<ox::FileSystem>> loadFs(const char *path) noexcept {
+static ox::Result<ox::UPtr<ox::FileSystem>> loadFs(const char *path) noexcept {
 	OX_REQUIRE(buff, loadFsBuff(path));
 	return {ox::make_unique<ox::FileSystem32>(buff.data, buff.size)};
 }
@@ -48,7 +48,7 @@ static ox::Error runLs(ox::FileSystem *fs, ox::Span<const char*> args) noexcept
 	for (const auto &file : files) {
 		oxOutf("{}\n", file);
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 static ox::Error runRead(ox::FileSystem *fs, ox::Span<const char*> args) noexcept {
@@ -57,8 +57,10 @@ static ox::Error runRead(ox::FileSystem *fs, ox::Span<const char*> args) noexcep
 		return ox::Error(1);
 	}
 	OX_REQUIRE(buff, fs->read(ox::StringView(args[1])));
+	OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 	std::ignore = fwrite(buff.data(), sizeof(decltype(buff)::value_type), buff.size(), stdout);
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
+	return {};
 }
 
 static ox::Error run(int argc, const char **argv) noexcept {

deps/ox/src/ox/logconn/circularbuff.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/logconn/def.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
     { \
 		const auto loggerErr = (loggerName).initConn(appName); \
 		if (loggerErr) { \
-			oxErrf("Could not connect to logger: {} ({}:{})\n", toStr(loggerErr), loggerErr.file, loggerErr.line); \
+			oxErrf("Could not connect to logger: {} ({}:{})\n", toStr(loggerErr), loggerErr.src.file_name(), loggerErr.src.line()); \
 		} else { \
 			ox::trace::setLogger(&(loggerName)); \
 		} \

deps/ox/src/ox/logconn/logconn.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -91,23 +91,28 @@ ox::Error LoggerConn::sendInit(const InitTraceMsg &msg) noexcept {
 }
 
 void LoggerConn::msgSend() noexcept {
-	while (true) {
+	try {
-		std::unique_lock lk(m_waitMut);
-		m_waitCond.wait(lk);
-		if (!m_running) {
-			break;
-		}
-		std::lock_guard const buffLk(m_buffMut);
 		while (true) {
-			Array<char, units::KB> tmp;
+			std::unique_lock lk(m_waitMut);
-			const auto read = m_buff.read(tmp.data(), tmp.size());
+			m_waitCond.wait(lk);
-			if (!read) {
+			if (!m_running) {
 				break;
 			}
-			oxAssert(read <= tmp.size(), "logger trying to read too much data");
+			std::lock_guard const buffLk(m_buffMut);
-			//std::printf("LoggerConn: sending %lu bytes\n", read);
+			while (true) {
-			std::ignore = send(tmp.data(), read);
+				Array<char, units::KB> tmp;
+				const auto read = m_buff.read(tmp.data(), tmp.size());
+				if (!read) {
+					break;
+				}
+				oxAssert(read <= tmp.size(), "logger trying to read too much data");
+				//std::printf("LoggerConn: sending %lu bytes\n", read);
+				std::ignore = send(tmp.data(), read);
+			}
 		}
+	} catch (std::exception const &e) {
+		oxErrf("Exception in logger thread: {}\n", e.what());
+		oxAssert(false, "logger thread exception");
 	}
 }
 

deps/ox/src/ox/logconn/logconn.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/mc/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -1,6 +1,5 @@
 add_library(
 	OxMetalClaw
-		presenceindicator.cpp
 		read.cpp
 		write.cpp
 )

deps/ox/src/ox/mc/err.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/mc/intops.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -18,25 +18,25 @@
 
 namespace ox::mc {
 
-template<typename T>
+template<Integer_c T>
 static constexpr auto Bits = sizeof(T) << 3;
 
 /**
  * Returns highest bit other than possible signed bit.
  * Bit numbering starts at 0.
  */
-template<typename I>
+template<Integer_c I>
 [[nodiscard]]
-constexpr std::size_t highestBit(I val) noexcept {
+constexpr size_t highestBit(I const val) noexcept {
 	unsigned shiftStart = sizeof(I) * 8 - 1;
-	// find most significant non-sign indicator bit
+	// find the most significant non-sign indicator bit
-	std::size_t highestBit = 0;
+	size_t highestBit = 0;
 	// start at one bit lower if signed
 	if constexpr(is_signed_v<I>) {
 		--shiftStart;
 	}
 	for (auto i = shiftStart; i > 0; --i) {
-		const auto bitValue = (val >> i) & 1;
+		auto const bitValue = (val >> i) & 1;
 		if (bitValue) {
 			highestBit = i;
 			break;
@@ -45,7 +45,7 @@ constexpr std::size_t highestBit(I val) noexcept {
 	return highestBit;
 }
 
-static_assert(highestBit(int8_t(0b10000000)) == 0);
+static_assert(highestBit(static_cast<int8_t>(0b10000000)) == 0);
 static_assert(highestBit(~static_cast<int8_t>(-1)) == 0);
 static_assert(highestBit(~static_cast<int8_t>(-2)) == 0);
 static_assert(highestBit(~static_cast<int8_t>(-3)) == 1);
@@ -53,40 +53,39 @@ static_assert(highestBit(1) == 0);
 static_assert(highestBit(2) == 1);
 static_assert(highestBit(4) == 2);
 static_assert(highestBit(8) == 3);
-static_assert(highestBit(uint64_t(1) << 31) == 31);
+static_assert(highestBit(static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << 31) == 31);
-static_assert(highestBit(uint64_t(1) << 63) == 63);
+static_assert(highestBit(static_cast<uint64_t>(1) << 63) == 63);
 
 struct McInt {
-	ox::Array<uint8_t, 9> data{};
+	Array<uint8_t, 9> data{};
 	// length of integer in bytes
-	std::size_t length = 0;
+	size_t length = 0;
 };
 
-template<typename I>
+template<Integer_c I>
 [[nodiscard]]
-constexpr McInt encodeInteger(I pInput) noexcept {
+constexpr McInt encodeInteger(I const pInput) noexcept {
-	auto const input = ox::ResizedInt_t<I, 64>{pInput};
+	auto const input = ResizedInt_t<I, 64>{pInput};
 	McInt out;
-	const auto inputNegative = is_signed_v<I> && input < 0;
+	auto const inputNegative = is_signed_v<I> && input < 0;
-	// move input to uint64_t to allow consistent bit manipulation, and to avoid
+	// move input to uint64_t to allow consistent bit manipulation and to avoid
 	// overflow concerns
-	uint64_t val = 0;
+	auto const val = std::bit_cast<uint64_t>(input);
-	ox::memcpy(&val, &input, sizeof(input));
 	if (val) {
 		// bits needed to represent number factoring in space possibly
 		// needed for signed bit
-		const auto highBit = inputNegative ? highestBit(~val) : highestBit(val);
+		auto const highBit = inputNegative ? highestBit(~val) : highestBit(val);
-		const auto bits = highBit + 1 + (is_signed_v<I> ? 1 : 0);
+		auto const bits = highBit + 1 + (is_signed_v<I> ? 1 : 0);
 		// bytes needed to store value
-		std::size_t bytes = bits / 8 + (bits % 8 != 0);
+		size_t bytes = bits / 8 + (bits % 8 != 0);
-		const auto bitsAvailable = bytes * 8; // bits available to integer value
+		auto const bitsAvailable = bytes * 8; // bits available to integer value
-		const auto bitsNeeded = bits + bytes;
+		auto const bitsNeeded = bits + bytes;
 		// factor in bits needed for bytesIndicator (does not affect bytesIndicator)
 		// bits for integer + bits needed to represent bytes > bits available
 		if (bitsNeeded > bitsAvailable && bytes != 9) {
 			++bytes;
 		}
-		const auto bytesIndicator = onMask<uint8_t>(bytes - 1);
+		auto const bytesIndicator = onMask<uint8_t>(bytes - 1);
 		// ensure we are copying from little endian representation
 		LittleEndian<uint64_t> leVal = val;
 		if (inputNegative) {
@@ -94,17 +93,21 @@ constexpr McInt encodeInteger(I pInput) noexcept {
 		}
 		if (bytes == 9) {
 			out.data[0] = bytesIndicator;
+			OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 			ox::memcpy(&out.data[1], &leVal, 8);
+			OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 			if (inputNegative) {
 				out.data[1] |= 0b1000'0000;
 			}
 		} else {
-			const auto valBits = bytes * 8;
+			auto const valBits = bytes * 8;
-			uint64_t negBit = inputNegative ? 1 : 0;
+			uint64_t const negBit = inputNegative ? 1 : 0;
-			auto intermediate =
+			auto const intermediate =
 				static_cast<uint64_t>(leVal.raw() | (negBit << (valBits - 1))) << bytes |
 				static_cast<uint64_t>(bytesIndicator);
+			OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 			ox::memcpy(&out.data[0], &intermediate, sizeof(intermediate));
+			OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 		}
 		out.length = bytes;
 	}
@@ -116,8 +119,8 @@ constexpr McInt encodeInteger(I pInput) noexcept {
  * length integer.
  */
 [[nodiscard]]
-constexpr std::size_t countBytes(unsigned b) noexcept {
+constexpr size_t countBytes(unsigned const b) noexcept {
-	std::size_t i = 0;
+	size_t i = 0;
 	while ((b >> i) & 1) ++i;
 	return i + 1;
 }
@@ -132,61 +135,65 @@ static_assert(countBytes(0b0011'1111) == 7);
 static_assert(countBytes(0b0111'1111) == 8);
 static_assert(countBytes(0b1111'1111) == 9);
 
-template<typename I>
+template<Integer_c I>
-constexpr Result<I> decodeInteger(Reader_c auto&rdr, std::size_t *bytesRead) noexcept {
+constexpr Result<I> decodeInteger(Reader_c auto &rdr, size_t &bytesRead) noexcept {
 	uint8_t firstByte = 0;
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(rdr.read(&firstByte, 1));
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(rdr.seekg(-1, ox::ios_base::cur));
-	const auto bytes = countBytes(firstByte);
+	auto const bytes = countBytes(firstByte);
 	if (bytes == 9) {
-		*bytesRead = bytes;
+		bytesRead = bytes;
 		I out = 0;
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(rdr.seekg(1, ox::ios_base::cur));
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(rdr.read(&out, sizeof(I)));
 		return fromLittleEndian<I>(out);
 	}
-	*bytesRead = bytes;
+	bytesRead = bytes;
 	uint64_t decoded = 0;
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(rdr.read(&decoded, bytes));
 	decoded >>= bytes;
 	// move sign bit
 	if constexpr(is_signed_v<I>) {
-		 const auto negBit = bytes * 8 - bytes - 1;
+		auto const negBit = bytes * 8 - bytes - 1;
-		 // move sign
+		// move sign
-		 const auto negative = (decoded >> negBit) == 1;
+		auto const negative = (decoded >> negBit) == 1;
-		 if (negative) {
+		if (negative) {
-			 // fill in all bits between encoded sign and real sign with 1s
+			// fill in all bits between encoded sign and real sign with 1s
-			 // split it up because the 32-bit ARM can't shift more than 32 bits
+			// split it up because the 32-bit ARM can't shift more than 32 bits
-			 ox::Array<uint32_t, 2> d = {};
+			Array<uint32_t, 2> d = {};
-			 //d[0] = decoded & 0xffff'ffff;
+			//d[0] = decoded & 0xffff'ffff;
-			 //d[1] = decoded >> 32;
+			//d[1] = decoded >> 32;
-			 ox::memcpy(&d[0], &decoded, sizeof(decoded));
+		 	OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
-			 auto bit = negBit;
+			ox::memcpy(&d[0], &decoded, sizeof(decoded));
-			 for (; bit < ox::min<std::size_t>(Bits<I>, 32); ++bit) {
+		 	OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
-				 d[0] |= 1 << bit;
+			auto bit = negBit;
-			 }
+			for (; bit < ox::min<size_t>(Bits<I>, 32); ++bit) {
-			 bit -= 32;
+				d[0] |= 1 << bit;
-			 for (; bit < Bits<I>; ++bit) {
+			}
-				 d[1] |= 1 << bit;
+			bit -= 32;
-			 }
+			for (; bit < Bits<I>; ++bit) {
-			 I out = 0;
+				d[1] |= 1 << bit;
-			 if constexpr(ox::defines::BigEndian) {
+			}
-				 const auto d0Tmp = d[0];
+			I out = 0;
-				 d[0] = d[1];
+			if constexpr(ox::defines::BigEndian) {
-				 d[1] = d0Tmp;
+				auto const d0Tmp = d[0];
-			 }
+				d[0] = d[1];
-			 ox::memcpy(&out, &d[0], sizeof(out));
+				d[1] = d0Tmp;
-			 return out;
+			}
-		 }
+		 	OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
+			ox::memcpy(&out, &d[0], sizeof(out));
+			OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
+			return out;
+		}
 	}
 	return static_cast<I>(decoded);
 }
 
-template<typename I>
+template<Integer_c I>
-Result<I> decodeInteger(McInt m) noexcept {
+Result<I> decodeInteger(McInt const &m) noexcept {
-	std::size_t bytesRead{};
+	size_t bytesRead{};
 	BufferReader br({reinterpret_cast<const char*>(m.data.data()), 9});
-	return decodeInteger<I>(br, &bytesRead);
+	return decodeInteger<I>(br, bytesRead);
 }
 
 }

deps/ox/src/ox/mc/mc.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/mc/presenceindicator.cpp

@@ -1,17 +0,0 @@
-/*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
- *
- * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
- * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
- * file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
- */
-
-#include "err.hpp"
-#include "presenceindicator.hpp"
-
-namespace ox {
-
-template class FieldBitmapWriterBase<uint8_t*>;
-template class FieldBitmapWriterBase<const uint8_t*>;
-
-}

deps/ox/src/ox/mc/presenceindicator.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@
 #include <ox/std/array.hpp>
 #include <ox/std/bit.hpp>
 #include <ox/std/error.hpp>
+#include <ox/std/span.hpp>
 #include <ox/std/types.hpp>
 #include <ox/std/reader.hpp>
 
@@ -21,143 +22,101 @@ namespace ox {
 template<Reader_c Reader>
 class FieldBitmapReader {
 	protected:
-		mutable std::size_t m_mapBlockIdx = ~std::size_t{0};
+		mutable size_t m_mapBlockIdx = ~size_t{};
-		mutable uint64_t m_mapBlock = 0;
+		mutable uint64_t m_mapBlock{};
-		std::size_t m_mapStart = 0;
+		size_t m_mapStart{};
 		Reader &m_reader;
 
 	public:
-		explicit constexpr FieldBitmapReader(Reader &reader) noexcept;
+		explicit constexpr FieldBitmapReader(Reader &reader) noexcept:
+			m_mapStart(reader.tellg()),
+			m_reader(reader) {
+		}
 
-		constexpr Result<bool> get(std::size_t i) const noexcept;
+		constexpr Result<bool> get(size_t idx) const noexcept {
+			constexpr auto blockBits = sizeof(m_mapBlock);
+			auto const blockIdx = idx / blockBits;
+			if (m_mapBlockIdx != blockIdx) [[unlikely]] {
+				OX_RETURN_ERROR(loadMapBlock(blockIdx));
+			}
+			idx %= blockBits;
+			return (m_mapBlock >> idx) & 1;
+		}
 
 	private:
-		constexpr ox::Error loadMapBlock(std::size_t id) const noexcept;
+		constexpr Error loadMapBlock(size_t const idx) const noexcept {
-
+			OX_REQUIRE(g, m_reader.tellg());
-};
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_reader.seekg(static_cast<int>(m_mapStart + idx), ox::ios_base::beg));
-
+			Array<char, sizeof(m_mapBlock)> mapBlock{};
-template<Reader_c Reader>
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_reader.read(mapBlock.data(), sizeof(m_mapBlock)));
-constexpr FieldBitmapReader<Reader>::FieldBitmapReader(Reader &reader) noexcept:
+			// Warning: narrow-conv
-	m_mapStart(reader.tellg()),
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_reader.seekg(static_cast<int>(g), ox::ios_base::beg));
-	m_reader(reader) {
+			m_mapBlock = 0;
-}
+			for (uint64_t i{}; auto b : mapBlock) {
-
+				m_mapBlock |= static_cast<uint64_t>(std::bit_cast<uint8_t>(b)) << i;
-template<Reader_c Reader>
+				i += 8;
-constexpr Result<bool> FieldBitmapReader<Reader>::get(std::size_t idx) const noexcept {
+			}
-	constexpr auto blockBits = sizeof(m_mapBlock);
+			m_mapBlockIdx = idx;
-	auto const blockIdx = idx / blockBits;
+			return {};
-	if (m_mapBlockIdx != blockIdx) [[unlikely]] {
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(loadMapBlock(blockIdx));
-	}
-	idx %= blockBits;
-	return (m_mapBlock >> idx) & 1;
-}
-
-template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr ox::Error FieldBitmapReader<Reader>::loadMapBlock(std::size_t idx) const noexcept {
-	OX_REQUIRE(g, m_reader.tellg());
-	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_reader.seekg(static_cast<int>(m_mapStart + idx), ox::ios_base::beg));
-	ox::Array<char, sizeof(m_mapBlock)> mapBlock{};
-	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_reader.read(mapBlock.data(), sizeof(m_mapBlock)));
-	// Warning: narrow-conv
-	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_reader.seekg(static_cast<int>(g), ox::ios_base::beg));
-	m_mapBlock = 0;
-	for (auto i = 0ull; auto b : mapBlock) {
-		m_mapBlock |= static_cast<uint64_t>(std::bit_cast<uint8_t>(b)) << i;
-		i += 8;
-	}
-	m_mapBlockIdx = idx;
-	return {};
-}
-
-
-template<typename T>
-class FieldBitmapWriterBase {
-	protected:
-		T m_map = nullptr;
-		std::size_t m_mapLen = 0;
-
-	public:
-		constexpr FieldBitmapWriterBase(T map, std::size_t maxLen) noexcept;
-
-		constexpr auto setBuffer(T map, std::size_t maxLen) noexcept;
-
-		constexpr Result<bool> get(std::size_t i) const noexcept;
-
-		constexpr void setFields(int) noexcept;
-
-		constexpr void setMaxLen(int) noexcept;
-
-		[[nodiscard]]
-		constexpr int64_t getMaxLen() const noexcept;
-
-};
-
-template<typename T>
-constexpr FieldBitmapWriterBase<T>::FieldBitmapWriterBase(T map, std::size_t maxLen) noexcept {
-	m_map = map;
-	m_mapLen = maxLen;
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-constexpr auto FieldBitmapWriterBase<T>::setBuffer(T map, std::size_t maxLen) noexcept {
-	m_map = map;
-	m_mapLen = maxLen;
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-constexpr Result<bool> FieldBitmapWriterBase<T>::get(std::size_t i) const noexcept {
-	if (i / 8 < m_mapLen) {
-		return (m_map[i / 8] >> (i % 8)) & 1;
-	} else {
-		return ox::Error(McPresenceMapOverflow);
-	}
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-constexpr void FieldBitmapWriterBase<T>::setFields(int fields) noexcept {
-	m_mapLen = static_cast<std::size_t>((fields / 8 + 1) - (fields % 8 == 0));
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-constexpr void FieldBitmapWriterBase<T>::setMaxLen(int maxLen) noexcept {
-	m_mapLen = static_cast<std::size_t>(maxLen);
-}
-
-template<typename T>
-constexpr int64_t FieldBitmapWriterBase<T>::getMaxLen() const noexcept {
-	return static_cast<int64_t>(m_mapLen);
-}
-
-extern template class FieldBitmapWriterBase<uint8_t*>;
-extern template class FieldBitmapWriterBase<const uint8_t*>;
-
-class FieldBitmap: public FieldBitmapWriterBase<uint8_t*> {
-
-	public:
-		constexpr FieldBitmap(uint8_t *map, std::size_t maxLen) noexcept;
-
-		constexpr Error set(std::size_t i, bool on) noexcept;
-
-};
-
-constexpr FieldBitmap::FieldBitmap(uint8_t *map, std::size_t maxLen) noexcept:
-	FieldBitmapWriterBase<uint8_t*>(map, maxLen) {
-}
-
-constexpr Error FieldBitmap::set(std::size_t i, bool on) noexcept {
-	if (i / 8 < m_mapLen) {
-OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
-		if (on) {
-			m_map[i / 8] |= 1 << (i % 8);
-		} else {
-			m_map[i / 8] &= ~static_cast<uint8_t>(1 << (i % 8));
 		}
-OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
+
-		return {};
+};
-	} else {
+
-		return ox::Error(McPresenceMapOverflow);
+
-	}
+class FieldBitmapWriter {
-}
+	protected:
+		Span<char> m_map;
+		size_t m_mapLen{};
+
+	public:
+		explicit constexpr FieldBitmapWriter(Span<char> const &map) noexcept:
+			m_map(map),
+			m_mapLen(m_map.size()) {
+		}
+
+		constexpr auto setBuffer(Span<char> const &map) noexcept {
+			m_map = map;
+			m_mapLen = map.size();
+		}
+
+		constexpr Result<bool> get(size_t const i) const noexcept {
+			if (i / 8 < m_mapLen) {
+				return (std::bit_cast<uint8_t>(m_map[i / 8]) >> (i % 8)) & 1;
+			}
+			return Error{McPresenceMapOverflow};
+		}
+
+		constexpr Error setFields(int const fields) noexcept {
+			m_mapLen = static_cast<size_t>((fields / 8 + 1) - (fields % 8 == 0));
+			if (m_mapLen > m_map.size()) [[unlikely]] {
+				return Error{McPresenceMapOverflow};
+			}
+			return {};
+		}
+
+		constexpr void setMaxLen(int const maxLen) noexcept {
+			m_mapLen = static_cast<size_t>(maxLen);
+		}
+
+		constexpr int64_t getMaxLen() const noexcept {
+			return static_cast<int64_t>(m_mapLen);
+		}
+
+		constexpr Error set(size_t const i, bool const on) noexcept {
+			if (i / 8 < m_mapLen) {
+				char &actual = m_map[i / 8];
+				uint8_t v = std::bit_cast<uint8_t>(actual);
+				if (on) {
+					v |= 1 << (i % 8);
+				} else {
+					v &= ~static_cast<uint8_t>(1 << (i % 8));
+				}
+				actual = std::bit_cast<char>(v);
+				return {};
+			}
+			return Error{McPresenceMapOverflow};
+		}
+
+};
 
 }

deps/ox/src/ox/mc/read.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/mc/read.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -32,58 +32,58 @@ class MetalClawReaderTemplate: public ModelHandlerBase<MetalClawReaderTemplate<R
 
 	private:
 		FieldBitmapReader<Reader> m_fieldPresence;
-		std::size_t m_fields = 0;
+		size_t m_fields{};
-		std::size_t m_field = 0;
+		size_t m_field{};
-		ox::Optional<int> m_unionIdx;
+		Optional<int> const m_unionIdx{};
 		Reader &m_reader;
 
 	public:
 		explicit constexpr MetalClawReaderTemplate(
 				Reader &reader,
-				ox::Optional<int> const&unionIdx = {}) noexcept;
+				Optional<int> const &unionIdx = {}) noexcept;
 
 		constexpr ~MetalClawReaderTemplate() noexcept;
 
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, int8_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, int8_t *val) noexcept;
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, int16_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, int16_t *val) noexcept;
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, int32_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, int32_t *val) noexcept;
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, int64_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, int64_t *val) noexcept;
 
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, uint8_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, uint8_t *val) noexcept;
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, uint16_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, uint16_t *val) noexcept;
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, uint32_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, uint32_t *val) noexcept;
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, uint64_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, uint64_t *val) noexcept;
 
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, bool *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, bool *val) noexcept;
 
 		// array handler
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, auto *val, std::size_t len) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, auto *val, size_t valLen) noexcept;
 
 		// map handler
 		template<typename T>
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, HashMap<String, T> *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, HashMap<String, T> *val) noexcept;
 
 		// array handler, with callback to allow handling individual elements
 		template<typename T, typename CB>
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, CB cb) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, CB cb) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename T>
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, T *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, T *val) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename U, bool force>
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept;
 
-		template<std::size_t SmallStringSize>
+		template<size_t SmallStringSize>
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, BasicString<SmallStringSize> *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, BasicString<SmallStringSize> *val) noexcept;
 
-		template<std::size_t L>
+		template<size_t L>
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, IString<L> *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, IString<L> *val) noexcept;
 
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char*, char *val, std::size_t buffLen) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString, char *val, size_t buffLen) noexcept;
 
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char*, char **val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString, char **val) noexcept;
 
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char*, char **val, std::size_t buffLen) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString, char **val, size_t buffLen) noexcept;
 
 		/**
 		 * Reads an array length from the current location in the buffer.
@@ -101,13 +101,13 @@ class MetalClawReaderTemplate: public ModelHandlerBase<MetalClawReaderTemplate<R
 				const char *name = T::TypeName,
 				int version = T::TypeVersion,
 				const Vector<String>& = {},
-				std::size_t fields = ModelFieldCount_v<T>) noexcept;
+				size_t fields = ModelFieldCount_v<T>) noexcept;
 
 		/**
 		 * Returns a MetalClawReader to parse a child object.
 		 */
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		constexpr MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader> child(const char *name, ox::Optional<int> unionIdx = {}) noexcept;
+		constexpr MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader> child(const char *name, Optional<int> unionIdx = {}) noexcept;
 
 		/**
 		 * Indicates whether or not the next field to be read is present.
@@ -122,20 +122,20 @@ class MetalClawReaderTemplate: public ModelHandlerBase<MetalClawReaderTemplate<R
 		constexpr bool fieldPresent(int fieldNo) const noexcept;
 
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		constexpr int whichFieldPresent(const char *name, const ModelUnion&) const noexcept;
+		constexpr int whichFieldPresent(const char *name, ModelUnion const&) const noexcept;
 
 		constexpr void nextField() noexcept;
 
 	private:
 		template<typename I>
-		constexpr Error readInteger(I *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error readInteger(I &val) noexcept;
 
 };
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
 constexpr MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::MetalClawReaderTemplate(
 		Reader &reader,
-		ox::Optional<int> const&unionIdx) noexcept:
+		Optional<int> const &unionIdx) noexcept:
 		m_fieldPresence(reader),
 		m_unionIdx(unionIdx),
 		m_reader(reader) {
@@ -149,71 +149,72 @@ constexpr MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::~MetalClawReaderTemplate() noexcept {
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, int8_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, int8_t *val) noexcept {
-	return readInteger(val);
+	return readInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, int16_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, int16_t *val) noexcept {
-	return readInteger(val);
+	return readInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, int32_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, int32_t *val) noexcept {
-	return readInteger(val);
+	return readInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, int64_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, int64_t *val) noexcept {
-	return readInteger(val);
+	return readInteger(*val);
 }
 
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, uint8_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, uint8_t *val) noexcept {
-	return readInteger(val);
+	return readInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, uint16_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, uint16_t *val) noexcept {
-	return readInteger(val);
+	return readInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, uint32_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, uint32_t *val) noexcept {
-	return readInteger(val);
+	return readInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, uint64_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, uint64_t *val) noexcept {
-	return readInteger(val);
+	return readInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, bool *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, bool *val) noexcept {
-	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
+	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
-		auto const result = m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field));
+		auto const result = m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field));
 		*val = result.value;
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(result);
 	}
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 // array handler
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char *name, auto *val, std::size_t valLen) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(
-	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
+	const char *name, auto *val, size_t const valLen) noexcept {
-		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
+		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 			// read the length
-			std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+			size_t bytesRead = 0;
-			OX_REQUIRE(len, mc::decodeInteger<ArrayLength>(m_reader, &bytesRead));
+			OX_REQUIRE(len, mc::decodeInteger<ArrayLength>(m_reader, bytesRead));
 			// read the list
 			if (valLen >= len) {
 				auto reader = child({});
 				auto &handler = *reader.interface();
-				OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.setTypeInfo("List", 0, {}, static_cast<std::size_t>(len)));
+				OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.setTypeInfo("List", 0, {}, static_cast<size_t>(len)));
-				for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+				for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
 OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 					OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.field({}, &val[i]));
 OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
@@ -230,18 +231,18 @@ OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
 template<typename T>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, HashMap<String, T> *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, HashMap<String, T> *val) noexcept {
-	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
+	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
-		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 			// read the length
 			OX_REQUIRE(g, m_reader.tellg());
-			std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+			size_t bytesRead = 0;
-			OX_REQUIRE(len, mc::decodeInteger<ArrayLength>(m_reader, &bytesRead));
+			OX_REQUIRE(len, mc::decodeInteger<ArrayLength>(m_reader, bytesRead));
 			OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_reader.seekg(g));
 			// read the list
 			auto reader = child("");
 			auto &handler = *reader.interface();
-			OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.setTypeInfo("List", 0, {}, static_cast<std::size_t>(len)));
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.setTypeInfo("List", 0, {}, static_cast<size_t>(len)));
 			// this loop body needs to be in a lambda because of the potential alloca call
 			constexpr auto loopBody = [](auto &handler, auto &val) {
 				OX_REQUIRE(keyLen, handler.stringLength(nullptr));
@@ -250,22 +251,22 @@ constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, HashMap<Stri
 				OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.fieldCString("", &wkeyPtr, keyLen + 1));
 				return handler.field("", &val[wkeyPtr]);
 			};
-			for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
 				OX_RETURN_ERROR(loopBody(handler, *val));
 			}
 		}
 	}
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
 template<typename T>
 constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char *name, T *val) noexcept {
 	if constexpr(isVector_v<T>) {
-		if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
+		if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
 			// set size of val if the field is present, don't worry about it if not
-			if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+			if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 				OX_REQUIRE(len, arrayLength(name, false));
 				OX_RETURN_ERROR(ox::resizeVector(*val, len));
 				return field(name, val->data(), val->size());
@@ -275,9 +276,9 @@ constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char *name, T *val)
 		++m_field;
 		return {};
 	} else if constexpr(isArray_v<T>) {
-		if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
+		if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
 			// set size of val if the field is present, don't worry about it if not
-			if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+			if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 				OX_REQUIRE(len, arrayLength(name, false));
 				if (len > val->size()) {
 					return ox::Error(1, "Input array is too long");
@@ -288,8 +289,8 @@ constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char *name, T *val)
 		++m_field;
 		return {};
 	} else {
-		if ((!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) && val) {
+		if ((!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) && val) {
-			if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+			if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 				auto reader = child("");
 				OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(reader.interface(), val));
 			}
@@ -301,9 +302,9 @@ constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char *name, T *val)
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
 template<typename U, bool force>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept {
-	if ((!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) && val.get()) {
+	if ((!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) && val.get()) {
-		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 			auto reader = child("", ox::Optional<int>(ox::in_place, val.idx()));
 			OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(reader.interface(), val.get()));
 		}
@@ -313,13 +314,13 @@ constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, UnionView<U,
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-template<std::size_t SmallStringSize>
+template<size_t SmallStringSize>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, BasicString<SmallStringSize> *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, BasicString<SmallStringSize> *val) noexcept {
-	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
+	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
-		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 			// read the length
-			std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+			size_t bytesRead = 0;
-			OX_REQUIRE(size, mc::decodeInteger<StringLength>(m_reader, &bytesRead));
+			OX_REQUIRE(size, mc::decodeInteger<StringLength>(m_reader, bytesRead));
 			const auto cap = size;
 			*val = BasicString<SmallStringSize>(cap);
 			auto data = val->data();
@@ -330,17 +331,17 @@ constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, BasicString<
 		}
 	}
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-template<std::size_t L>
+template<size_t L>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, IString<L> *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, IString<L> *val) noexcept {
-	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
+	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
-		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 			// read the length
-			std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+			size_t bytesRead = 0;
-			OX_REQUIRE(size, mc::decodeInteger<StringLength>(m_reader, &bytesRead));
+			OX_REQUIRE(size, mc::decodeInteger<StringLength>(m_reader, bytesRead));
 			*val = IString<L>();
 			OX_RETURN_ERROR(val->resize(size));
 			auto const data = val->data();
@@ -355,11 +356,12 @@ constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, IString<L> *
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::fieldCString(const char*, char *val, std::size_t buffLen) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::fieldCString(
-	if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+	CString, char *val, size_t const buffLen) noexcept {
+	if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 		// read the length
-		std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+		size_t bytesRead = 0;
-		OX_REQUIRE(size, mc::decodeInteger<StringLength>(m_reader, &bytesRead));
+		OX_REQUIRE(size, mc::decodeInteger<StringLength>(m_reader, bytesRead));
 		if (size > buffLen) {
 			return ox::Error(McOutputBuffEnded);
 		}
@@ -370,15 +372,15 @@ constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::fieldCString(const char*, char
 		data[size] = 0;
 	}
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::fieldCString(const char*, char **val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::fieldCString(CString, char **val) noexcept {
-	if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+	if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 		// read the length
-		std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+		size_t bytesRead = 0;
-		OX_REQUIRE(size, mc::decodeInteger<StringLength>(m_reader, &bytesRead));
+		OX_REQUIRE(size, mc::decodeInteger<StringLength>(m_reader, bytesRead));
 		// re-allocate in case too small
 		safeDelete(*val);
 		*val = new char[size + 1];
@@ -388,16 +390,16 @@ constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::fieldCString(const char*, char
 		data[size] = 0;
 	}
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::fieldCString(const char*, char **val, std::size_t buffLen) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::fieldCString(CString, char **val, size_t buffLen) noexcept {
-	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
+	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
-		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 			// read the length
-			std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+			size_t bytesRead = 0;
-			OX_REQUIRE(size, mc::decodeInteger<StringLength>(m_reader, &bytesRead));
+			OX_REQUIRE(size, mc::decodeInteger<StringLength>(m_reader, bytesRead));
 			// re-allocate if too small
 			if (buffLen < size + 1) {
 				safeDelete(*val);
@@ -416,17 +418,17 @@ constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::fieldCString(const char*, char
 		}
 	}
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Result<ArrayLength> MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::arrayLength(const char*, bool pass) noexcept {
+constexpr Result<ArrayLength> MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::arrayLength(CString, bool const pass) noexcept {
-	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
+	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
-		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 			// read the length
-			std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+			size_t bytesRead = 0;
 			OX_REQUIRE(g, m_reader.tellg());
-			OX_REQUIRE(out, mc::decodeInteger<ArrayLength>(m_reader, &bytesRead));
+			OX_REQUIRE(out, mc::decodeInteger<ArrayLength>(m_reader, bytesRead));
 			if (!pass) {
 				OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_reader.seekg(g));
 			}
@@ -437,12 +439,12 @@ constexpr Result<ArrayLength> MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::arrayLength(const
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr Result<StringLength> MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::stringLength(const char*) noexcept {
+constexpr Result<StringLength> MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::stringLength(CString) noexcept {
-	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
+	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
-		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 			// read the length
-			std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+			size_t bytesRead = 0;
-			auto len = mc::decodeInteger<StringLength>(m_reader, &bytesRead);
+			auto len = mc::decodeInteger<StringLength>(m_reader, bytesRead);
 			OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_reader.seekg(-static_cast<int64_t>(bytesRead), ox::ios_base::cur));
 			return len;
 		}
@@ -452,34 +454,34 @@ constexpr Result<StringLength> MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::stringLength(con
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
 template<typename I>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::readInteger(I *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::readInteger(I &val) noexcept {
-	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
+	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
-		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
-			std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+			size_t bytesRead = 0;
-			auto const result = mc::decodeInteger<I>(m_reader, &bytesRead);
+			auto const result = mc::decodeInteger<I>(m_reader, bytesRead);
 			OX_RETURN_ERROR(result);
-			*val = result.value;
+			val = result.value;
 		} else {
-			*val = 0;
+			val = 0;
 		}
 	}
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
 template<typename T, typename CB>
-constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, CB cb) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(CString, CB cb) noexcept {
-	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<std::size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
+	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || static_cast<size_t>(*m_unionIdx) == m_field) {
-		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field))) {
+		if (m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field))) {
 			// read the length
-			std::size_t bytesRead = 0;
+			size_t bytesRead = 0;
-			OX_REQUIRE(len, mc::decodeInteger<ArrayLength>(m_reader, &bytesRead));
+			OX_REQUIRE(len, mc::decodeInteger<ArrayLength>(m_reader, bytesRead));
 			// read the list
 			auto reader = child("");
 			auto &handler = *reader.interface();
-			OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.setTypeInfo("List", 0, {}, static_cast<std::size_t>(len)));
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.setTypeInfo("List", 0, {}, static_cast<size_t>(len)));
-			for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+			for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
 				T val;
 				OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.field("", &val));
 				OX_RETURN_ERROR(cb(i, &val));
@@ -487,13 +489,13 @@ constexpr Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::field(const char*, CB cb) noexc
 		}
 	}
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
 template<typename T>
 constexpr ox::Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::setTypeInfo(
-		const char*, int, const Vector<String>&, std::size_t fields) noexcept {
+		CString, int, const Vector<String>&, size_t const fields) noexcept {
 	m_fields = fields;
 	// Warning: narrow-conv
 	return m_reader.seekg(
@@ -503,24 +505,24 @@ constexpr ox::Error MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::setTypeInfo(
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
 constexpr MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader> MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::child(
-		const char*,
+		CString,
-		ox::Optional<int> unionIdx) noexcept {
+		Optional<int> const unionIdx) noexcept {
 	return MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>(m_reader, unionIdx);
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr bool MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::fieldPresent(const char*) const noexcept {
+constexpr bool MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::fieldPresent(CString) const noexcept {
-	return m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field)).value;
+	return m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(m_field)).value;
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
-constexpr bool MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::fieldPresent(int fieldNo) const noexcept {
+constexpr bool MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::fieldPresent(int const fieldNo) const noexcept {
-	return m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<std::size_t>(fieldNo)).value;
+	return m_fieldPresence.get(static_cast<size_t>(fieldNo)).value;
 }
 
 template<Reader_c Reader>
 [[nodiscard]]
-constexpr int MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::whichFieldPresent(const char*, const ModelUnion &u) const noexcept {
+constexpr int MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::whichFieldPresent(CString, ModelUnion const &u) const noexcept {
 	FieldBitmapReader<Reader> p(m_reader);
 	for (auto i = 0u; i < u.fieldCount(); ++i) {
 		if (p.get(i)) {
@@ -538,11 +540,10 @@ constexpr void MetalClawReaderTemplate<Reader>::nextField() noexcept {
 using MetalClawReader = MetalClawReaderTemplate<ox::BufferReader>;
 
 template<typename T>
-Error readMC(ox::BufferView buff, T &val) noexcept {
+Error readMC(ox::BufferView const buff, T &val) noexcept {
 	BufferReader br(buff);
 	MetalClawReader reader(br);
-	ModelHandlerInterface<MetalClawReader, ox::OpType::Read> handler(&reader);
+	return model(reader.interface(), &val);
-	return model(&handler, &val);
 }
 
 template<typename T>

deps/ox/src/ox/mc/test/tests.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -157,8 +157,7 @@ std::map<ox::StringView, ox::Error(*)()> tests = {
 				oxAssert(testIn.Int8                == testOut.Int8,                "Int8 value mismatch");
 				oxAssert(testIn.Union.Int           == testOut.Union.Int,           "Union.Int value mismatch");
 				oxAssert(testIn.String              == testOut.String,              "String value mismatch");
-				oxDebugf("{}", testOut.IString.len());
+				ox::expect(testIn.IString,               testOut.IString);
-				oxExpect(testIn.IString,               testOut.IString);
 				oxAssert(testIn.List[0]             == testOut.List[0],             "List[0] value mismatch");
 				oxAssert(testIn.List[1]             == testOut.List[1],             "List[1] value mismatch");
 				oxAssert(testIn.List[2]             == testOut.List[2],             "List[2] value mismatch");

deps/ox/src/ox/mc/types.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/mc/write.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/mc/write.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -29,71 +29,71 @@
 namespace ox {
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-class MetalClawWriter {
+class MetalClawWriter: public ModelHandlerBase<MetalClawWriter<Writer>, OpType::Write> {
 
 	private:
-		ox::Vector<uint8_t, 16> m_presenceMapBuff{};
+		Vector<char, 16> m_presenceMapBuff{};
-		FieldBitmap m_fieldPresence;
+		FieldBitmapWriter m_fieldPresence{m_presenceMapBuff};
-		int m_field = 0;
+		int m_field{};
-		ox::Optional<int> m_unionIdx;
+		Optional<int> m_unionIdx;
-		std::size_t m_writerBeginP{};
+		size_t m_writerBeginP{};
 		Writer &m_writer;
 
 	public:
-		constexpr explicit MetalClawWriter(Writer &writer, ox::Optional<int> const&unionIdx = {}) noexcept;
+		constexpr explicit MetalClawWriter(Writer &writer, Optional<int> const &unionIdx = {}) noexcept;
 
 		constexpr ~MetalClawWriter() noexcept = default;
 
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, const int8_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, int8_t const *val) noexcept;
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, const int16_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, int16_t const *val) noexcept;
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, const int32_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, int32_t const *val) noexcept;
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, const int64_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, int64_t const *val) noexcept;
 
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, const uint8_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, uint8_t const *val) noexcept;
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, const uint16_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, uint16_t const *val) noexcept;
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, const uint32_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, uint32_t const *val) noexcept;
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, const uint64_t *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, uint64_t const *val) noexcept;
 
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, const bool *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, bool const *val) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename T>
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, const T *val, std::size_t len) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, T const *val, size_t len) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename T>
-		constexpr Error field(const char *name, const HashMap<String, T> *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString name, HashMap<String, T> const *val) noexcept;
 
-		template<std::size_t SmallStringSize>
+		template<size_t SmallStringSize>
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, const BasicString<SmallStringSize> *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, BasicString<SmallStringSize> const *val) noexcept;
 
-		template<std::size_t L>
+		template<size_t L>
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, const IString<L> *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, IString<L> const *val) noexcept;
 
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char *name, const char *const*val, std::size_t buffLen) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString name, CString const*val, size_t buffLen) noexcept;
 
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char *name, const char **val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString name, CString *val) noexcept;
 
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char *name, const char *const*val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString name, CString const*val) noexcept;
 
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char *name, const char *val, std::size_t len) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString name, CString val, size_t strLen) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename T>
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, const T *val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, T const *val) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename U, bool force = false>
-		constexpr Error field(const char*, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept;
+		constexpr Error field(CString, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename T = std::nullptr_t>
-		constexpr ox::Error setTypeInfo(
+		constexpr Error setTypeInfo(
-				const char *name = T::TypeName,
+				CString name = T::TypeName,
 				int version = T::TypeVersion,
-		        const Vector<String>& = {},
+		        Vector<String> const& = {},
-				std::size_t fields = ModelFieldCount_v<T>) noexcept;
+				size_t fields = ModelFieldCount_v<T>) noexcept;
 
 		/**
 		 * stringLength is not implemented in MetalClawWriter
 		 */
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		constexpr auto stringLength(const char*) noexcept {
+		constexpr auto stringLength(CString) noexcept {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
@@ -101,28 +101,23 @@ class MetalClawWriter {
 		 * stringLength is not implemented in MetalClawWriter
 		 */
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		constexpr auto arrayLength(const char*, bool = true) noexcept {
+		constexpr auto arrayLength(CString, bool = true) noexcept {
 			return 0;
 		}
 
-		[[nodiscard]]
+		constexpr Error finalize() noexcept;
-		static constexpr auto opType() noexcept {
-			return OpType::Write;
-		}
-
-		ox::Error finalize() noexcept;
 
 	private:
 		constexpr Error appendInteger(Integer_c auto val) noexcept {
 			bool fieldSet = false;
 			if (val && (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || *m_unionIdx == m_field)) {
 				auto mi = mc::encodeInteger(val);
-				OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(mi.data.data()), mi.length));
+				OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(reinterpret_cast<CString>(mi.data.data()), mi.length));
 				fieldSet = true;
 			}
-			OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
 			++m_field;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 };
@@ -131,144 +126,147 @@ extern template class ModelHandlerInterface<MetalClawWriter<BufferWriter>>;
 extern template class ModelHandlerInterface<MetalClawWriter<CharBuffWriter>>;
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr MetalClawWriter<Writer>::MetalClawWriter(Writer &writer, ox::Optional<int> const&unionIdx) noexcept:
+constexpr MetalClawWriter<Writer>::MetalClawWriter(Writer &writer, Optional<int> const &unionIdx) noexcept:
-	m_fieldPresence(m_presenceMapBuff.data(), m_presenceMapBuff.size()),
 	m_unionIdx(unionIdx),
 	m_writerBeginP(writer.tellp()),
 	m_writer(writer) {
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const int8_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, int8_t const *val) noexcept {
 	return appendInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const int16_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, int16_t const *val) noexcept {
 	return appendInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const int32_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, int32_t const *val) noexcept {
 	return appendInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const int64_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, int64_t const *val) noexcept {
 	return appendInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const uint8_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, uint8_t const *val) noexcept {
 	return appendInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const uint16_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, uint16_t const *val) noexcept {
 	return appendInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const uint32_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, uint32_t const *val) noexcept {
 	return appendInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const uint64_t *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, uint64_t const *val) noexcept {
 	return appendInteger(*val);
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const bool *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, bool const *val) noexcept {
 	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || *m_unionIdx == m_field) {
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field), *val));
+		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<size_t>(m_field), *val));
 	}
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-template<std::size_t SmallStringSize>
+template<size_t SmallStringSize>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const BasicString<SmallStringSize> *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, BasicString<SmallStringSize> const *val) noexcept {
 	bool fieldSet = false;
-	if (val->len() && (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || *m_unionIdx == m_field)) {
+	if (val->size() && (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || *m_unionIdx == m_field)) {
 		// write the length
-		const auto strLen = mc::encodeInteger(val->len());
+		auto const strLen = mc::encodeInteger(val->size());
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(strLen.data.data()), strLen.length));
+		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(reinterpret_cast<CString>(strLen.data.data()), strLen.length));
 		// write the string
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(val->c_str(), static_cast<std::size_t>(val->len())));
+		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(val->c_str(), static_cast<size_t>(val->size())));
 		fieldSet = true;
 	}
-	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
+	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-template<std::size_t L>
+template<size_t L>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char *name, const IString<L> *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString name, IString<L> const *val) noexcept {
-	return fieldCString(name, val->data(), val->len());
+	return fieldCString(name, val->data(), val->size());
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::fieldCString(const char*, const char *const*val, std::size_t) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::fieldCString(CString, CString const *val, size_t) noexcept {
 	bool fieldSet = false;
 	if (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || *m_unionIdx == m_field) {
-		const auto strLen = *val ? ox::strlen(*val) : 0;
+		OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
+		// this strlen is tolerated because sometimes 0 gets passed to
+		// the size param, which is a lie
+		// this code should be cleaned up at some point...
+		auto const strLen = *val ? ox::strlen(*val) : 0;
+		OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 		// write the length
-		const auto strLenBuff = mc::encodeInteger(strLen);
+		auto const strLenBuff = mc::encodeInteger(strLen);
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(strLenBuff.data.data()), strLenBuff.length));
+		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(reinterpret_cast<CString>(strLenBuff.data.data()), strLenBuff.length));
 		// write the string
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(*val, static_cast<std::size_t>(strLen)));
+		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(*val, static_cast<size_t>(strLen)));
 		fieldSet = true;
 	}
-	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
+	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::fieldCString(const char *name, const char **val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::fieldCString(CString const name, CString *val) noexcept {
 	return fieldCString(name, val, {});
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::fieldCString(const char *name, const char *const*val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::fieldCString(CString const name, CString const *val) noexcept {
 	return fieldCString(name, val, {});
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::fieldCString(const char*, const char *val, std::size_t strLen) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::fieldCString(CString, CString const val, size_t const strLen) noexcept {
 	bool fieldSet = false;
 	if (strLen && (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || *m_unionIdx == m_field)) {
 		// write the length
-		const auto strLenBuff = mc::encodeInteger(strLen);
+		auto const strLenBuff = mc::encodeInteger(strLen);
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(strLenBuff.data.data()), strLenBuff.length));
+		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(reinterpret_cast<CString>(strLenBuff.data.data()), strLenBuff.length));
 		// write the string
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(val, static_cast<std::size_t>(strLen)));
+		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(val, static_cast<size_t>(strLen)));
 		fieldSet = true;
 	}
-	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
+	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
 template<typename T>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const T *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, T const *val) noexcept {
 	if constexpr(isVector_v<T> || isArray_v<T>) {
 		return field(nullptr, val->data(), val->size());
 	} else {
 		bool fieldSet = false;
 		if (val && (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || *m_unionIdx == m_field)) {
 			auto const writeIdx = m_writer.tellp();
-			MetalClawWriter<Writer> writer(m_writer);
+			MetalClawWriter writer(m_writer);
-			ModelHandlerInterface<MetalClawWriter<Writer>> handler{&writer};
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(writer.interface(), val));
-			OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(&handler, val));
 			OX_RETURN_ERROR(writer.finalize());
 			fieldSet = writeIdx != m_writer.tellp();
 		}
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
+		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
 		++m_field;
 		return {};
 	}
@@ -276,65 +274,62 @@ constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const T *val) noexce
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
 template<typename U, bool force>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept {
 	bool fieldSet = false;
 	if (val.get() && (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || *m_unionIdx == m_field)) {
 		auto const writeIdx = m_writer.tellp();
-		MetalClawWriter<Writer> writer(m_writer, ox::Optional<int>(ox::in_place, val.idx()));
+		MetalClawWriter writer(m_writer, Optional<int>(in_place, val.idx()));
-		ModelHandlerInterface handler{&writer};
+		OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(writer.interface(), val.get()));
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(&handler, val.get()));
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(writer.finalize());
 		fieldSet = writeIdx != m_writer.tellp();
 	}
-	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
+	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
 	++m_field;
 	return {};
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
 template<typename T>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const T *val, std::size_t len) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, T const *val, size_t const len) noexcept {
 	bool fieldSet = false;
 	if (len && (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || *m_unionIdx == m_field)) {
 		// write the length
-		const auto arrLen = mc::encodeInteger(len);
+		auto const arrLen = mc::encodeInteger(len);
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(arrLen.data.data()), arrLen.length));
+		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(reinterpret_cast<CString>(arrLen.data.data()), arrLen.length));
 		auto const writeIdx = m_writer.tellp();
-		MetalClawWriter<Writer> writer(m_writer);
+		MetalClawWriter writer(m_writer);
-		ModelHandlerInterface handler{&writer};
+		OX_RETURN_ERROR(writer.interface()->template setTypeInfo<T>("List", 0, {}, static_cast<size_t>(len)));
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.template setTypeInfo<T>("List", 0, {}, static_cast<std::size_t>(len)));
 		// write the array
-		for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		for (size_t i{}; i < len; ++i) {
 OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
-			OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.field("", &val[i]));
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(writer.interface()->field("", &val[i]));
 OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 		}
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(writer.finalize());
 		fieldSet = writeIdx != m_writer.tellp();
 	}
-	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
+	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
 template<typename T>
-constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const HashMap<String, T> *val) noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(CString, HashMap<String, T> const *val) noexcept {
-	const auto &keys = val->keys();
+	auto const &keys = val->keys();
-	const auto len = keys.size();
+	auto const len = keys.size();
 	bool fieldSet = false;
 	if (len && (!m_unionIdx.has_value() || *m_unionIdx == m_field)) {
 		// write the length
-		const auto arrLen = mc::encodeInteger(len);
+		auto const arrLen = mc::encodeInteger(len);
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(reinterpret_cast<const char*>(arrLen.data.data()), arrLen.length));
+		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(reinterpret_cast<CString>(arrLen.data.data()), arrLen.length));
 		// write map
-		MetalClawWriter<Writer> writer(m_writer);
+		MetalClawWriter writer(m_writer);
-		ModelHandlerInterface handler{&writer};
 		// double len for both key and value
-		OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.setTypeInfo("Map", 0, {}, len * 2));
+		OX_RETURN_ERROR(writer.interface()->setTypeInfo("Map", 0, {}, len * 2));
 		// this loop body needs to be in a lambda because of the potential alloca call
-		constexpr auto loopBody = [](auto &handler, auto const&key, auto const&val) -> ox::Error {
+		constexpr auto loopBody = [](auto &handler, auto const &key, auto const &val) -> Error {
-			const auto keyLen = key.len();
+			auto const keyLen = key.size();
 			auto wkey = ox_malloca(keyLen + 1, char, 0);
 			memcpy(wkey.get(), key.c_str(), keyLen + 1);
 			OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.fieldCString("", wkey.get(), keyLen));
@@ -342,53 +337,51 @@ constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::field(const char*, const HashMap<String
 			return handler.field("", value);
 		};
 		// write the array
-		for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		for (size_t i{}; i < len; ++i) {
-			auto const&key = keys[i];
+			auto const &key = keys[i];
-			OX_RETURN_ERROR(loopBody(handler, key, *val));
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(loopBody(*writer.interface(), key, *val));
 		}
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(writer.finalize());
 		fieldSet = true;
 	}
-	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<std::size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
+	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_fieldPresence.set(static_cast<size_t>(m_field), fieldSet));
 	++m_field;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
 template<typename T>
-constexpr ox::Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::setTypeInfo(
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::setTypeInfo(
-		const char*,
+		CString,
 		int,
-		const Vector<String>&,
+		Vector<String> const&,
-		std::size_t fields) noexcept {
+		size_t const fields) noexcept {
-	const auto fieldPresenceLen = (fields - 1) / 8 + 1;
+	auto const fieldPresenceLen = (fields - 1) / 8 + 1;
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(nullptr, fieldPresenceLen));
 	m_presenceMapBuff.resize(fieldPresenceLen);
-	m_fieldPresence.setBuffer(m_presenceMapBuff.data(), m_presenceMapBuff.size());
+	m_fieldPresence.setBuffer(m_presenceMapBuff);
-	m_fieldPresence.setFields(static_cast<int>(fields));
+	return m_fieldPresence.setFields(static_cast<int>(fields));
-	return {};
 }
 
 template<Writer_c Writer>
-ox::Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::finalize() noexcept {
+constexpr Error MetalClawWriter<Writer>::finalize() noexcept {
-	const auto end = m_writer.tellp();
+	auto const end = m_writer.tellp();
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.seekp(m_writerBeginP));
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.write(
-			reinterpret_cast<const char*>(m_presenceMapBuff.data()),
+		m_presenceMapBuff.data(),
-			m_presenceMapBuff.size()));
+		m_presenceMapBuff.size()));
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_writer.seekp(end));
 	return {};
 }
 
-Result<Buffer> writeMC(Writer_c auto &writer, const auto &val) noexcept {
+Result<Buffer> writeMC(Writer_c auto &writer, auto const &val) noexcept {
 	MetalClawWriter mcWriter(writer);
-	ModelHandlerInterface handler{&mcWriter};
+	OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(mcWriter.interface(), &val));
-	OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(&handler, &val));
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(mcWriter.finalize());
 	return {};
 }
 
-Result<Buffer> writeMC(auto const&val, std::size_t buffReserveSz = 2 * units::KB) noexcept {
+Result<Buffer> writeMC(auto const &val, size_t const buffReserveSz = 2 * units::KB) noexcept {
 	Buffer buff(buffReserveSz);
 	BufferWriter bw(&buff, 0);
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(writeMC(bw, val));
@@ -396,7 +389,7 @@ Result<Buffer> writeMC(auto const&val, std::size_t buffReserveSz = 2 * units::KB
 	return buff;
 }
 
-Error writeMC(char *buff, std::size_t buffLen, auto const&val, std::size_t *sizeOut = nullptr) noexcept {
+Error writeMC(char *buff, size_t const buffLen, auto const &val, size_t *sizeOut = nullptr) noexcept {
 	CharBuffWriter bw{{buff, buffLen}};
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(writeMC(bw, val));
 	if (sizeOut) {

deps/ox/src/ox/model/def.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -13,7 +13,7 @@
 // oxModelFwdDecl is necessary because Apple-Clang is broken...
 #define OX_MODEL_FWD_DECL(modelName) constexpr ox::Error model(auto *io, ox::CommonPtrWith<modelName> auto *o) noexcept
 #define OX_MODEL_BEGIN(modelName) constexpr ox::Error model(auto *io, [[maybe_unused]] ox::CommonPtrWith<modelName> auto *o) noexcept { OX_RETURN_ERROR(io->template setTypeInfo<modelName>());
-#define OX_MODEL_END() return ox::Error(0); }
+#define OX_MODEL_END() return {}; }
 #define OX_MODEL_FIELD(fieldName) OX_RETURN_ERROR(io->field(#fieldName, &o->fieldName));
 #define OX_MODEL_FIELD_RENAME(objFieldName, serFieldName) OX_RETURN_ERROR(io->field(#serFieldName, &o->objFieldName));
 #define OX_MODEL_FRIEND(modelName) friend constexpr ox::Error model(auto *io, ox::CommonPtrWith<modelName> auto *o) noexcept

deps/ox/src/ox/model/descread.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/model/desctypes.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/model/desctypes.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ static constexpr auto buildTypeId(
 		for (const auto &p : typeParams) {
 			tp += p + ",";
 		}
-		tp.resize(tp.len() - 1);
+		tp.resize(tp.size() - 1);
 		tp += "#";
 	}
 	return ox::sfmt("{}{};{}", name, tp, version);
@@ -244,7 +244,7 @@ constexpr Error model(TypeDescReader<T> *io, CommonPtrWith<DescriptorField> auto
 	// defaultValue is unused now, but placeholder for backwards compatibility
 	int defaultValue = 0;
 	oxReturnError(io->field("defaultValue", &defaultValue));
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 #endif
 

deps/ox/src/ox/model/descwrite.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/model/descwrite.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ constexpr auto buildSubscriptStack(const T**, SubscriptStack *s) noexcept {
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-constexpr auto buildSubscriptStack(const UniquePtr<T>*, SubscriptStack *s) noexcept {
+constexpr auto buildSubscriptStack(const UPtr<T>*, SubscriptStack *s) noexcept {
 	s->push_back({.subscriptType = Subscript::SubscriptType::Ptr});
 }
 
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ constexpr ox::Error TypeDescWriter::setTypeInfo(
 	PrimitiveType pt;
 	if constexpr(is_union_v<T>) {
 		pt = PrimitiveType::Union;
-	} else if constexpr(isBasicString_v<T> || isBString_v<T>) {
+	} else if constexpr(isBasicString_v<T> || isIString_v<T>) {
 		pt = PrimitiveType::String;
 	} else {
 		pt = PrimitiveType::Struct;
@@ -205,7 +205,7 @@ constexpr Error TypeDescWriter::field(StringViewCR name, T const*, std::size_t,
 		const auto t = type(p);
 		oxAssert(t != nullptr, "field(const char *name, T *val, std::size_t): Type not found or generated");
 		m_type->fieldList.emplace_back(t, String(name), detail::indirectionLevels_v<T> + 1, subscriptStack, buildTypeId(*t));
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	}
 	return ox::Error(1);
 }
@@ -220,7 +220,7 @@ constexpr Error TypeDescWriter::field(StringViewCR name, T const*, std::size_t)
 		auto const lvls = detail::indirectionLevels_v<T> + 1;
 		SubscriptStack subscriptStack{lvls};
 		m_type->fieldList.emplace_back(t, String(name), lvls, subscriptStack, buildTypeId(*t));
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	}
 	return ox::Error(1);
 }
@@ -231,7 +231,7 @@ constexpr Error TypeDescWriter::field(StringViewCR name, UnionView<T, force> val
 		const auto t = type(val);
 		oxAssert(t != nullptr, "field(const char *name, T val): Type not found or generated");
 		m_type->fieldList.emplace_back(t, String(name), 0, SubscriptStack{}, ox::String(t->typeName));
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	}
 	return ox::Error(1);
 }
@@ -357,7 +357,7 @@ constexpr const DescriptorType *TypeDescWriter::type(const char*) const noexcept
 template<std::size_t sz>
 constexpr const DescriptorType *TypeDescWriter::type(const IString<sz>*) const noexcept {
 	constexpr auto PT = PrimitiveType::String;
-	return getType(types::BString, 0, PT, 0);
+	return getType(types::IString, 0, PT, 0);
 }
 
 constexpr const DescriptorType *TypeDescWriter::getType(StringViewCR tn, int typeVersion, PrimitiveType pt, int b,
@@ -380,7 +380,7 @@ constexpr const DescriptorType *TypeDescWriter::getType(StringViewCR tn, int typ
 template<typename T>
 constexpr Result<DescriptorType*> buildTypeDef(TypeStore &typeStore) noexcept {
 	TypeDescWriter writer(&typeStore);
-	ModelHandlerInterface<TypeDescWriter, ox::OpType::Reflect> handler(&writer);
+	ModelHandlerInterface<TypeDescWriter, ox::OpType::Reflect> handler(writer);
 	if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
 		std::allocator<T> a;
 		T *t = a.allocate(1);
@@ -396,7 +396,7 @@ constexpr Result<DescriptorType*> buildTypeDef(TypeStore &typeStore) noexcept {
 template<typename T>
 constexpr Result<DescriptorType*> buildTypeDef(TypeStore &typeStore, T &val) noexcept {
 	TypeDescWriter writer(&typeStore);
-	ModelHandlerInterface<TypeDescWriter, ox::OpType::Reflect> handler(&writer);
+	ModelHandlerInterface<TypeDescWriter, ox::OpType::Reflect> handler(writer);
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(&handler, &val));
 	return writer.definition();
 }

deps/ox/src/ox/model/fieldcounter.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -31,25 +31,25 @@ class FieldCounter {
 		template<typename U>
 		constexpr ox::Error field(StringViewCR, U) noexcept {
 			++fields;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename U>
 		constexpr ox::Error field(StringViewCR, U, std::size_t) noexcept {
 			++fields;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename U, typename Handler>
 		constexpr Error field(StringViewCR, Handler) {
 			++fields;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename ...Args>
 		constexpr Error fieldCString(Args&&...) noexcept {
 			++fields;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 		static constexpr auto opType() noexcept {

deps/ox/src/ox/model/metadata.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/model/model.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/model/modelhandleradaptor.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -17,176 +17,177 @@ namespace ox {
 template<typename Handler, OpType opType_v = Handler::opType()>
 class ModelHandlerInterface {
 	private:
-		Handler *m_handler = nullptr;
+		Handler &m_handler;
 
 	public:
-		constexpr explicit ModelHandlerInterface(Handler *handler) noexcept: m_handler(handler) {
+		constexpr explicit ModelHandlerInterface(Handler &handler) noexcept: m_handler(handler) {
 		}
 
 		template<typename T = std::nullptr_t>
 		constexpr ox::Error setTypeInfo(
-			const char* name = T::TypeName,
+			CString name = T::TypeName,
 			int version = T::TypeVersion,
-			const Vector<String>& typeParams = {}) noexcept {
+			Vector<String> const &typeParams = {}) noexcept {
-			return m_handler->template setTypeInfo<T>(name, version, typeParams, ModelFieldCount_v<T>);
+			return m_handler.template setTypeInfo<T>(name, version, typeParams, ModelFieldCount_v<T>);
 		}
 
 		template<typename T = std::nullptr_t>
 		constexpr ox::Error setTypeInfo(
-			const char *name,
+			CString name,
 			int version,
-			const Vector<String>& typeParams,
+			Vector<String> const &typeParams,
-			std::size_t fields) noexcept {
+			size_t fields) noexcept {
-			return m_handler->template setTypeInfo<T>(name, version, typeParams, fields);
+			return m_handler.template setTypeInfo<T>(name, version, typeParams, fields);
 		}
 
-		template<std::size_t len>
+		template<size_t len>
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char *name, char val[len]) noexcept {
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString name, char val[len]) noexcept {
-			return m_handler->fieldCString(name, &val[0], len);
+			return m_handler.fieldCString(name, &val[0], len);
 		}
 
-		template<std::size_t len>
+		template<size_t len>
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char *name, const char val[len]) noexcept requires(opType_v != OpType::Read) {
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString name, char const val[len]) noexcept requires(opType_v != OpType::Read) {
 			if constexpr(opType_v != OpType::Read) {
-				return m_handler->fieldCString(name, &val[0], len);
+				return m_handler.fieldCString(name, &val[0], len);
 			} else {
 				return {};
 			}
 		}
 
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char *name, char **val) noexcept {
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString name, char **val) noexcept {
-			return m_handler->fieldCString(name, val);
+			return m_handler.fieldCString(name, val);
 		}
 
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char *name, const char *const*val) noexcept requires(opType_v != OpType::Read) {
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString name, char const *const*val) noexcept requires(opType_v != OpType::Read) {
 			// this check looks pointless, but it's to address a Clang bug
 			if constexpr(opType_v != OpType::Read) {
-				return m_handler->fieldCString(name, val);
+				return m_handler.fieldCString(name, val);
 			} else {
 				return {};
 			}
 		}
 
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char *name, const char **val) noexcept requires(opType_v != OpType::Read) {
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString name, char const **val) noexcept requires(opType_v != OpType::Read) {
 			// this check looks pointless, but it's to address a Clang bug
 			if constexpr(opType_v != OpType::Read) {
-				return m_handler->fieldCString(name, val);
+				return m_handler.fieldCString(name, val);
 			} else {
 				return {};
 			}
 		}
 
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char *name, char **val, std::size_t buffLen) noexcept {
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString name, char **val, size_t buffLen) noexcept {
-			return m_handler->fieldCString(name, val, buffLen);
+			return m_handler.fieldCString(name, val, buffLen);
 		}
 
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char *name, const char **val, std::size_t buffLen) noexcept requires(opType_v != OpType::Read) {
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString name, char const **val, size_t buffLen) noexcept requires(opType_v != OpType::Read) {
 			// this check looks pointless, but it's to address a Clang bug
 			if constexpr(opType_v != OpType::Read) {
-				return m_handler->fieldCString(name, val, buffLen);
+				return m_handler.fieldCString(name, val, buffLen);
 			} else {
 				return {};
 			}
 		}
 
-		constexpr Error fieldCString(const char *name, char *val, std::size_t buffLen) noexcept {
+		constexpr Error fieldCString(CString name, char *val, size_t buffLen) noexcept {
-			return m_handler->fieldCString(name, val, buffLen);
+			return m_handler.fieldCString(name, val, buffLen);
 		}
 
-		constexpr Error fieldModelValue(const char *name, CommonPtrWith<ModelValue> auto *v) noexcept {
+		constexpr Error fieldModelValue(char const *name, CommonPtrWith<ModelValue> auto *v) noexcept {
 			switch (v->type()) {
 				case ModelValue::Type::Undefined:
 					break;
 				case ModelValue::Type::Bool:
-					return m_handler->field(name, &v->template get<bool>());
+					return m_handler.field(name, &v->template get<bool>());
 				case ModelValue::Type::UnsignedInteger8:
-					return m_handler->field(name, &v->template get<uint8_t>());
+					return m_handler.field(name, &v->template get<uint8_t>());
 				case ModelValue::Type::UnsignedInteger16:
-					return m_handler->field(name, &v->template get<uint16_t>());
+					return m_handler.field(name, &v->template get<uint16_t>());
 				case ModelValue::Type::UnsignedInteger32:
-					return m_handler->field(name, &v->template get<uint32_t>());
+					return m_handler.field(name, &v->template get<uint32_t>());
 				case ModelValue::Type::UnsignedInteger64:
-					return m_handler->field(name, &v->template get<uint64_t>());
+					return m_handler.field(name, &v->template get<uint64_t>());
 				case ModelValue::Type::SignedInteger8:
-					return m_handler->field(name, &v->template get<int8_t>());
+					return m_handler.field(name, &v->template get<int8_t>());
 				case ModelValue::Type::SignedInteger16:
-					return m_handler->field(name, &v->template get<int16_t>());
+					return m_handler.field(name, &v->template get<int16_t>());
 				case ModelValue::Type::SignedInteger32:
-					return m_handler->field(name, &v->template get<int32_t>());
+					return m_handler.field(name, &v->template get<int32_t>());
 				case ModelValue::Type::SignedInteger64:
-					return m_handler->field(name, &v->template get<int64_t>());
+					return m_handler.field(name, &v->template get<int64_t>());
 				case ModelValue::Type::String:
-					return m_handler->field(name, &v->template get<String>());
+					return m_handler.field(name, &v->template get<String>());
 				case ModelValue::Type::Object:
-					return m_handler->field(name, &v->template get<ModelObject>());
+					return m_handler.field(name, &v->template get<ModelObject>());
 				case ModelValue::Type::Union:
 				{
 					auto &u = v->template get<ModelUnion>();
 					if constexpr(opType_v == OpType::Read) {
-						u.setActiveField(m_handler->whichFieldPresent(name, u));
+						u.setActiveField(whichFieldPresent(m_handler, name, u));
-						return m_handler->field(name, UnionView<ModelUnion, true>(&u, u.unionIdx()));
+						return m_handler.field(name, UnionView<ModelUnion, true>(&u, u.unionIdx()));
 					} else {
-						return m_handler->field(name, UnionView<const ModelUnion, true>(&u, u.unionIdx()));
+						return m_handler.field(name, UnionView<ModelUnion const, true>(&u, u.unionIdx()));
 					}
 				}
 				case ModelValue::Type::Vector:
-					return m_handler->field(name, &v->template get<ModelValueVector>());
+					return m_handler.field(name, &v->template get<ModelValueVector>());
 				case ModelValue::Type::InlineArray:
-					return m_handler->field(name, &v->template get<ModelValueArray>());
+					return m_handler.field(name, &v->template get<ModelValueArray>());
 			}
 			oxErrf("invalid type: {}: {}\n", name, static_cast<int>(v->type()));
-			oxPanic(ox::Error(1), "invalid type");
+			ox::panic("invalid type");
 			return ox::Error(1, "invalid type");
 		}
 
 		// array handler, with callback to allow handling individual elements
 		template<typename T, typename Callback>
-		constexpr Error field(const char *name, Callback cb) noexcept {
+		constexpr Error field(CString name, Callback cb) noexcept {
-			return m_handler->template field<T, Callback>(name, cb);
+			return m_handler.template field<T, Callback>(name, cb);
 		}
 
 		template<typename T>
-		constexpr Error field(const char *name, const T *v) noexcept {
+		constexpr Error field(CString name, const T *v) noexcept {
 			if constexpr(ox::is_same_v<T, ModelValue>) {
 				return fieldModelValue(name, v);
 			} else {
-				return m_handler->field(name, v);
+				return m_handler.field(name, v);
 			}
 		}
 
 		template<typename T>
-		constexpr Error field(const char *name, T *v) noexcept {
+		constexpr Error field(CString name, T *v) noexcept {
 			if constexpr(ox::is_same_v<T, ModelValue>) {
 				return fieldModelValue(name, v);
 			} else {
-				return m_handler->field(name, v);
+				return m_handler.field(name, v);
 			}
 		}
 
 		template<typename U, bool force = false>
-		constexpr Error field(const char *name, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept {
+		constexpr Error field(CString name, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept {
-			return m_handler->field(name, val);
+			return m_handler.field(name, val);
 		}
 
-		constexpr Error field(const char *name, auto *val, std::size_t len) noexcept {
+		constexpr Error field(CString name, auto *val, size_t len) noexcept {
-			return m_handler->field(name, val, len);
+			return m_handler.field(name, val, len);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Reads an array length from the current location in the buffer.
+		 * @param name
 		 * @param pass indicates that the parsing should iterate past the array length
 		 */
 		 [[nodiscard]]
-		constexpr auto arrayLength(const char *name, bool pass = true) noexcept {
+		constexpr auto arrayLength(CString name, bool pass = true) noexcept {
-			return m_handler->arrayLength(name, pass);
+			return m_handler.arrayLength(name, pass);
 		}
 
 		/**
 		 * Reads an string length from the current location in the buffer.
 		 */
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		constexpr auto stringLength(const char *name) noexcept {
+		constexpr auto stringLength(CString name) noexcept {
-			return m_handler->stringLength(name);
+			return m_handler.stringLength(name);
 		}
 
 		[[nodiscard]]
@@ -198,22 +199,33 @@ class ModelHandlerInterface {
 		constexpr auto handler() noexcept {
 			return m_handler;
 		}
+
+	private:
+		template<typename H>
+		static constexpr int whichFieldPresent(H &h, CString name, ModelUnion const &u) noexcept
+			requires(H::opType() == OpType::Read) {
+			return h.whichFieldPresent(name, u);
+		}
+
+		template<typename H>
+		static constexpr int whichFieldPresent(H&, CString, ModelUnion const&) noexcept
+			requires(H::opType() != OpType::Read) {
+			return 0;
+		}
+
 };
 
-template<typename Handler, ox::OpType opType_v = Handler::opType()>
+template<typename Handler, OpType opType_v = Handler::opType()>
 class ModelHandlerBase {
 	private:
-		ModelHandlerInterface<Handler, opType_v> m_interface;
+		ModelHandlerInterface<Handler, opType_v> m_interface{*static_cast<Handler*>(this)};
 	public:
-		constexpr ModelHandlerBase() noexcept: m_interface(static_cast<Handler*>(this)) {}
-		constexpr ModelHandlerBase(const ModelHandlerBase&) noexcept: m_interface(static_cast<Handler*>(this)) {}
-		constexpr ModelHandlerBase(ModelHandlerBase&&) noexcept: m_interface(static_cast<Handler*>(this)) {}
 		[[nodiscard]]
 		constexpr auto interface() noexcept {
 			return &m_interface;
 		}
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		static constexpr ox::OpType opType() noexcept {
+		static constexpr OpType opType() noexcept {
 			return opType_v;
 		}
 };

deps/ox/src/ox/model/modelops.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -56,19 +56,19 @@ class MemberList {
 		template<typename T>
 		constexpr Error field(const char*, T *v) noexcept {
 			vars[m_i++] = static_cast<void*>(v);
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename T>
 		constexpr Error field(const char*, T *v, int) noexcept {
 			vars[m_i++] = static_cast<void*>(v);
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename U, bool force = false>
 		constexpr Error field(const char*, UnionView<U, force> u) noexcept {
 			vars[m_i++] = static_cast<void*>(u.get());
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename T>
@@ -107,7 +107,7 @@ class Copier {
 				auto &dst = *cbit_cast<FT*>(m_dst->vars[m_i]);
 				dst = src;
 				++m_i;
-				return ox::Error(0);
+				return {};
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -119,7 +119,7 @@ class Copier {
 				dst = src;
 			}
 			++m_i;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename U, bool force = false>
@@ -128,7 +128,7 @@ class Copier {
 			auto &src = *u.get();
 			dst = src;
 			++m_i;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename T = void>
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class Mover {
 				dst = std::move(src);
 				src = FT{};
 				++m_i;
-				return ox::Error(0);
+				return {};
 			}
 		}
 
@@ -181,7 +181,7 @@ class Mover {
 				src = FT{};
 			}
 			++m_i;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename U, bool force = false>
@@ -190,7 +190,7 @@ class Mover {
 			auto &src = *u.get();
 			dst = std::move(src);
 			++m_i;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename T = void>
@@ -228,7 +228,7 @@ class Equals {
 			const auto &dst = std::bit_cast<FT>(*m_other->vars[m_i]);
 			++m_i;
 			if (dst == src) {
-				return ox::Error(0);
+				return {};
 			} else {
 				this->value = false;
 				return ox::Error(1);
@@ -246,7 +246,7 @@ class Equals {
 				}
 			}
 			++m_i;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename U, bool force = false>
@@ -255,7 +255,7 @@ class Equals {
 			const auto &src = *u.get();
 			++m_i;
 			if (dst == src) {
-				return ox::Error(0);
+				return {};
 			} else {
 				this->value = false;
 				return ox::Error(1);

deps/ox/src/ox/model/modelvalue.cpp

@@ -1,23 +1,28 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
  * file, You can obtain one at https://mozilla.org/MPL/2.0/.
  */
 
+#include <ox/std/hashmap.hpp>
+
 #include "modelvalue.hpp"
 
 namespace ox {
 
-static_assert([]() -> ox::Error {
+static_assert([]() -> Error {
-	ox::ModelValue v;
+	ModelValue v;
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(v.setType<int32_t>());
 	if (v.type() != ModelValue::Type::SignedInteger32) {
-		return ox::Error(1, "type is wrong");
+		return Error(1, "type is wrong");
 	}
 	//oxReturnError(v.set<int32_t>(5));
 	return {};
-}() == ox::Error(0));
+}() == Error{});
+
+// a dummy function to prevent linker errors in a library that has no other symbols
+void modelDummyFunc() noexcept {}
 
 }

deps/ox/src/ox/model/modelvalue.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -100,7 +100,7 @@ class ModelValue {
 				return Type::Union;
 			} else if constexpr(is_same_v<U, ModelObject>) {
 				return Type::Object;
-			} else if constexpr(isBasicString_v<U> || isBString_v<U>) {
+			} else if constexpr(isBasicString_v<U> || isIString_v<U>) {
 				return Type::String;
 			} else if constexpr(is_same_v<U, ModelValueVector>) {
 				return Type::Vector;
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ class ModelValue {
 		constexpr const auto &get() const noexcept {
 			constexpr auto type = getType<T>();
 			if (m_type != type) [[unlikely]] {
-				oxPanic(ox::Error(1), "invalid cast");
+				ox::panic("invalid cast");
 			}
 			return getValue<type>(*this);
 		}
@@ -178,7 +178,7 @@ class ModelValue {
 		constexpr auto &get() noexcept {
 			constexpr auto type = getType<T>();
 			if (m_type != type) [[unlikely]] {
-				oxPanic(ox::Error(1), "invalid cast");
+				ox::panic("invalid cast");
 			}
 			return getValue<type>(*this);
 		}
@@ -187,7 +187,7 @@ class ModelValue {
 		constexpr Type type() const noexcept;
 
 		constexpr Error setType(
-				DescriptorType const*type,
+				DescriptorType const *type,
 				SubscriptStack const& = {},
 				int subscriptLevels = 0) noexcept;
 
@@ -200,8 +200,6 @@ class ModelValue {
 		template<typename T>
 		constexpr Error set(T &&v) noexcept;
 
-		constexpr ModelValue &operator=(ModelValue &val) noexcept;
-
 		constexpr ModelValue &operator=(const ModelValue &val) noexcept;
 
 		constexpr ModelValue &operator=(ModelValue &&val) noexcept;
@@ -275,7 +273,7 @@ class ModelValueArray {
 		}
 
 		constexpr Error setType(
-				DescriptorType const*type,
+				DescriptorType const *type,
 				SubscriptStack subscriptStack,
 				int subscriptLevels) noexcept {
 			oxAssert(subscriptLevels <= static_cast<int>(subscriptStack.size()), "subscript level mismatch");
@@ -418,7 +416,7 @@ class ModelValueVector {
 		}
 
 		constexpr Error setType(
-				DescriptorType const*type,
+				DescriptorType const *type,
 				SubscriptStack subscriptStack,
 				int subscriptLevels) noexcept {
 			oxAssert(subscriptLevels <= static_cast<int>(subscriptStack.size()), "subscript level mismatch");
@@ -521,7 +519,7 @@ class ModelObject {
 	protected:
 		OX_MODEL_FRIEND(ModelObject);
 		friend ModelValue;
-		Vector<UniquePtr<Field>> m_fieldsOrder;
+		Vector<UPtr<Field>> m_fieldsOrder;
 		HashMap<String, ModelValue*> m_fields;
 		const DescriptorType *m_type = nullptr;
 
@@ -694,7 +692,7 @@ class ModelUnion {
 		};
 		friend constexpr Error model(auto *h, CommonPtrWith<ModelUnion> auto *obj) noexcept;
 		friend ModelValue;
-		Vector<UniquePtr<Field>> m_fieldsOrder;
+		Vector<UPtr<Field>> m_fieldsOrder;
 		HashMap<String, Field*> m_fields;
 		const DescriptorType *m_type = nullptr;
 		int m_unionIdx = -1;
@@ -720,14 +718,14 @@ class ModelUnion {
 			m_unionIdx = other.m_unionIdx;
 		}
 
-		static constexpr Result<UniquePtr<ModelUnion>> make(const DescriptorType *type) noexcept {
+		static constexpr Result<UPtr<ModelUnion>> make(const DescriptorType *type) noexcept {
-			UniquePtr<ModelUnion> out(new ModelUnion);
+			UPtr<ModelUnion> out(new ModelUnion);
 			OX_RETURN_ERROR(out->setType(type));
 			return out;
 		}
 
-		static constexpr Result<UniquePtr<ModelUnion>> make(const ModelUnion &other) noexcept {
+		static constexpr Result<UPtr<ModelUnion>> make(const ModelUnion &other) noexcept {
-			return UniquePtr<ModelUnion>(new ModelUnion(other));
+			return UPtr<ModelUnion>(new ModelUnion(other));
 		}
 
 		constexpr ox::Result<ModelValue*> at(StringView const&k) noexcept {
@@ -821,7 +819,7 @@ class ModelUnion {
 
 template<typename PlatSpec>
 [[nodiscard]]
-constexpr std::size_t sizeOf(ModelValueArray const*v) noexcept {
+constexpr std::size_t sizeOf(ModelValueArray const *v) noexcept {
 	return sizeOf<PlatSpec>(&(*v)[0]) * v->size();
 }
 
@@ -972,7 +970,7 @@ constexpr Error model(auto *h, CommonPtrWith<ModelObject> auto *obj) noexcept {
 	for (auto &f : obj->m_fieldsOrder) {
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(h->field(f->name.c_str(), &f->value));
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 constexpr Error model(auto *h, CommonPtrWith<ModelUnion> auto *obj) noexcept {
@@ -981,7 +979,7 @@ constexpr Error model(auto *h, CommonPtrWith<ModelUnion> auto *obj) noexcept {
 	for (auto &f : obj->m_fieldsOrder) {
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(h->field(f->name.c_str(), &f->value));
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 constexpr ModelValue::ModelValue(const ModelValue &other) noexcept {
@@ -997,7 +995,7 @@ constexpr ModelValue::ModelValue(const ModelValue &other) noexcept {
 		case Type::SignedInteger16:
 		case Type::SignedInteger32:
 		case Type::SignedInteger64:
-			ox::memcpy(&m_data, &other.m_data, sizeof(m_data));
+			m_data = other.m_data;
 			break;
 		case Type::String:
 			m_data.str = new String(other.get<String>());
@@ -1030,8 +1028,8 @@ constexpr ModelValue::ModelValue(ModelValue &&other) noexcept {
 		case Type::SignedInteger16:
 		case Type::SignedInteger32:
 		case Type::SignedInteger64:
-			ox::memcpy(&m_data, &other.m_data, sizeof(m_data));
+			m_data = other.m_data;
-			ox::memset(&other.m_data, 0, sizeof(m_data));
+			other.m_data.ui64 = 0;
 			break;
 		case Type::String:
 			m_data.str = other.m_data.str;
@@ -1098,7 +1096,7 @@ constexpr Error ModelValue::setType(
 	} else if (type->typeName == types::Bool) {
 		m_type = Type::Bool;
 	} else if (type->typeName == types::BasicString ||
-	           type->typeName == types::BString ||
+	           type->typeName == types::IString ||
 	           type->typeName == types::String) {
 		m_type = Type::String;
 		m_data.str = new String;
@@ -1129,7 +1127,7 @@ constexpr Error ModelValue::setType(
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(m_data.uni->setType(type));
 	}
 	oxAssert(m_type != Type::Undefined, "No type set");
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename T>
@@ -1176,7 +1174,7 @@ template<typename T>
 constexpr Error ModelValue::set(const T &v) noexcept {
 	constexpr auto type = getType<T>();
 	if (m_type != type) [[unlikely]] {
-		return ox::Error(1, "type mismatch");
+		return Error(1, "type mismatch");
 	}
 	auto &value = getValue<type>(*this);
 	if constexpr(type == Type::Vector || type == Type::Object ||
@@ -1184,7 +1182,7 @@ constexpr Error ModelValue::set(const T &v) noexcept {
 		safeDelete(&value);
 	}
 	value = v;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename T>
@@ -1199,11 +1197,7 @@ constexpr Error ModelValue::set(T &&v) noexcept {
 		safeDelete(&value);
 	}
 	value = std::move(v);
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
-}
-
-constexpr ModelValue &ModelValue::operator=(ModelValue &other) noexcept {
-	return this->operator=(const_cast<const ModelValue&>(other));
 }
 
 constexpr ModelValue &ModelValue::operator=(const ModelValue &other) noexcept {
@@ -1223,7 +1217,7 @@ constexpr ModelValue &ModelValue::operator=(const ModelValue &other) noexcept {
 		case Type::SignedInteger16:
 		case Type::SignedInteger32:
 		case Type::SignedInteger64:
-			ox::memcpy(&m_data, &other.m_data, sizeof(m_data));
+			m_data = other.m_data;
 			break;
 		case Type::String:
 			m_data.str = new String(other.get<String>());
@@ -1261,8 +1255,8 @@ constexpr ModelValue &ModelValue::operator=(ModelValue &&other) noexcept {
 		case Type::SignedInteger16:
 		case Type::SignedInteger32:
 		case Type::SignedInteger64:
-			ox::memcpy(&m_data, &other.m_data, sizeof(m_data));
+			m_data = other.m_data;
-			ox::memset(&other.m_data, 0, sizeof(m_data));
+			other.m_data = {};
 			break;
 		case Type::String:
 			m_data.str = other.m_data.str;

deps/ox/src/ox/model/optype.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/model/test/tests.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/model/typenamecatcher.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -38,17 +38,17 @@ struct TypeNameCatcher {
 
 	template<typename T>
 	constexpr Error field(const char*, T*, std::size_t) noexcept {
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	}
 
 	template<typename T>
 	constexpr Error field(const char*, T) noexcept {
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	}
 
 	template<typename ...Args>
 	constexpr Error fieldCString(Args&&...) noexcept {
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	}
 
 	static constexpr auto opType() noexcept {
@@ -77,17 +77,17 @@ struct TypeInfoCatcher {
 
 	template<typename T>
 	constexpr Error field(const char*, T*, std::size_t) noexcept {
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	}
 
 	template<typename T>
 	constexpr Error field(const char*, T) noexcept {
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	}
 
 	template<typename T>
 	constexpr Error fieldCString(const char*, T) noexcept {
-		return ox::Error(0);
+		return {};
 	}
 
 	static constexpr auto opType() noexcept {
@@ -140,16 +140,16 @@ constexpr Str getModelTypeName() noexcept {
 	return out;
 }
 
-template<typename T>
+template<typename T, typename Str = const char*>
 [[nodiscard]]
 consteval auto requireModelTypeName() noexcept {
-	constexpr auto name = getModelTypeName<T>();
+	constexpr auto name = getModelTypeName<T, Str>();
-	static_assert(ox::StringView{name}.len(), "Type lacks required TypeName");
+	static_assert(ox::StringView{name}.size(), "Type lacks required TypeName");
 	return name;
 }
 
 template<typename T, typename Str = const char*>
-constexpr auto ModelTypeName_v = getModelTypeName<T, Str>();
+constexpr auto ModelTypeName_v = requireModelTypeName<T, Str>();
 
 template<typename T, typename Str = const char*>
 constexpr auto ModelTypeVersion_v = requireModelTypeVersion<T>();
@@ -159,7 +159,7 @@ constexpr auto ModelTypeId_v = [] {
 	constexpr auto name = ModelTypeName_v<T, ox::StringView>;
 	constexpr auto version = ModelTypeVersion_v<T>;
 	constexpr auto versionStr = ox::sfmt<ox::IString<19>>("{}", version);
-	return ox::sfmt<ox::IString<name.len() + versionStr.len() + 1>>("{};{}", name, versionStr);
+	return ox::sfmt<ox::IString<name.size() + versionStr.size() + 1>>("{};{}", name, versionStr);
 }();
 
 }

deps/ox/src/ox/model/types.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -31,18 +31,18 @@
 namespace ox {
 
 namespace types {
-constexpr StringView BasicString = "net.drinkingtea.ox.BasicString";
+constexpr StringLiteral BasicString = "net.drinkingtea.ox.BasicString";
-constexpr StringView BString     = "net.drinkingtea.ox.BString";
+constexpr StringLiteral IString     = "net.drinkingtea.ox.IString";
-constexpr StringView String      = "B.string";
+constexpr StringLiteral String      = "B.string";
-constexpr StringView Bool        = "B.bool";
+constexpr StringLiteral Bool        = "B.bool";
-constexpr StringView Uint8       = "B.uint8";
+constexpr StringLiteral Uint8       = "B.uint8";
-constexpr StringView Uint16      = "B.uint16";
+constexpr StringLiteral Uint16      = "B.uint16";
-constexpr StringView Uint32      = "B.uint32";
+constexpr StringLiteral Uint32      = "B.uint32";
-constexpr StringView Uint64      = "B.uint64";
+constexpr StringLiteral Uint64      = "B.uint64";
-constexpr StringView Int8        = "B.int8";
+constexpr StringLiteral Int8        = "B.int8";
-constexpr StringView Int16       = "B.int16";
+constexpr StringLiteral Int16       = "B.int16";
-constexpr StringView Int32       = "B.int32";
+constexpr StringLiteral Int32       = "B.int32";
-constexpr StringView Int64       = "B.int64";
+constexpr StringLiteral Int64       = "B.int64";
 }
 
 template<typename T>
@@ -63,17 +63,17 @@ static_assert(isBasicString_v<ox::BasicString<8ul>>);
 static_assert(isBasicString_v<ox::String>);
 
 template<typename T>
-consteval bool isBString(const T*) noexcept {
+consteval bool isIString(const T*) noexcept {
 	return false;
 }
 
 template<std::size_t SmallVecSize>
-consteval bool isBString(const BasicString<SmallVecSize>*) noexcept {
+consteval bool isIString(const BasicString<SmallVecSize>*) noexcept {
 	return true;
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-constexpr bool isBString_v = isBasicString(static_cast<const T*>(nullptr));
+constexpr bool isIString_v = isIString(static_cast<const T*>(nullptr));
 
 static_assert(isBasicString_v<ox::BasicString<0ul>>);
 static_assert(isBasicString_v<ox::BasicString<8ul>>);
@@ -161,7 +161,7 @@ template<typename T>
 constexpr bool isSmartPtr_v = false;
 
 template<typename T>
-constexpr bool isSmartPtr_v<::ox::UniquePtr<T>> = true;
+constexpr bool isSmartPtr_v<::ox::UPtr<T>> = true;
 
 #if __has_include(<array>)
 template<typename T>
@@ -169,12 +169,12 @@ constexpr bool isSmartPtr_v<::std::unique_ptr<T>> = true;
 #endif
 
 
-template<typename Union, bool force = false>
+template<typename Union, bool force = false> requires(force || is_union_v<Union>)
 class UnionView {
 
 	protected:
 		int m_idx = -1;
-		typename enable_if<is_union_v<Union> || force, Union>::type *m_union = nullptr;
+		Union *m_union = nullptr;
 
 	public:
 		constexpr UnionView(Union *u, int idx) noexcept: m_idx(idx), m_union(u) {

deps/ox/src/ox/model/typestore.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@ namespace ox {
 
 class TypeStore {
 	private:
-		HashMap<String, UniquePtr<DescriptorType>> m_cache;
+		HashMap<String, UPtr<DescriptorType>> m_cache;
 
 	public:
 		constexpr TypeStore() noexcept = default;
@@ -58,7 +58,11 @@ class TypeStore {
 				if (!std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
 					OX_REQUIRE_M(dt, loadDescriptor(typeId));
 					for (auto &f : dt->fieldList) {
-						OX_RETURN_ERROR(this->getLoad(f.typeId).moveTo(f.type));
+						if (typeId == f.typeId) {
+							f.type = dt.get();
+						} else {
+							OX_RETURN_ERROR(this->getLoad(f.typeId).moveTo(f.type));
+						}
 					}
 					auto &out = m_cache[typeId];
 					out = std::move(dt);
@@ -82,12 +86,12 @@ class TypeStore {
 			return getLoad(typeName, typeVersion);
 		}
 
-		constexpr void set(const auto &typeId, UniquePtr<DescriptorType> dt) noexcept {
+		constexpr void set(const auto &typeId, UPtr<DescriptorType> dt) noexcept {
 			m_cache[typeId] = std::move(dt);
 		}
 
 		constexpr void set(const auto &typeId, DescriptorType *dt) noexcept {
-			m_cache[typeId] = UniquePtr<DescriptorType>(dt);
+			m_cache[typeId] = UPtr<DescriptorType>(dt);
 		}
 
 		[[nodiscard]]
@@ -101,11 +105,11 @@ class TypeStore {
 		}
 
 	protected:
-		virtual Result<UniquePtr<DescriptorType>> loadDescriptor(ox::StringView) noexcept {
+		virtual Result<UPtr<DescriptorType>> loadDescriptor(ox::StringView) noexcept {
 			return ox::Error(1);
 		}
 
-		Result<UniquePtr<DescriptorType>> loadDescriptor(ox::StringViewCR name, int version,
+		Result<UPtr<DescriptorType>> loadDescriptor(ox::StringViewCR name, int version,
 		                                                 const ox::TypeParamPack &typeParams) noexcept {
 			const auto typeId = buildTypeId(name, version, typeParams);
 			return loadDescriptor(typeId);

deps/ox/src/ox/model/walk.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -127,7 +127,7 @@ static constexpr Error parseField(const DescriptorField &field, Reader *rdr, Dat
 		}
 	}
 	walker->popNamePath();
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename Reader, typename FH>
@@ -141,7 +141,7 @@ constexpr Error model(Reader *rdr, DataWalker<Reader, FH> *walker) noexcept {
 	for (const auto &field : fields) {
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(parseField(field, rdr, walker));
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename Reader, typename Handler>

deps/ox/src/ox/oc/oc.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/oc/read.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -13,31 +13,31 @@
 
 namespace ox {
 
-OrganicClawReader::OrganicClawReader(const uint8_t *buff, std::size_t buffSize) {
+OrganicClawReader::OrganicClawReader(const uint8_t *buff, size_t const buffSize) {
 	auto json = reinterpret_cast<const char*>(buff);
-	auto jsonLen = ox::strnlen(json, buffSize);
+	auto jsonLen = ox::strnlen_s(json, buffSize);
 	Json::CharReaderBuilder parserBuilder;
 	auto parser = std::unique_ptr<Json::CharReader>(parserBuilder.newCharReader());
 	if (!parser->parse(json, json + jsonLen, &m_json, nullptr)) {
-		throw ox::Exception(1, "Could not parse JSON");
+		throw Exception(1, "Could not parse JSON");
 	}
 }
 
-OrganicClawReader::OrganicClawReader(const char *json, std::size_t jsonLen) {
+OrganicClawReader::OrganicClawReader(CString const json, size_t const jsonLen) {
 	Json::CharReaderBuilder parserBuilder;
 	auto parser = std::unique_ptr<Json::CharReader>(parserBuilder.newCharReader());
 	if (!parser->parse(json, json + jsonLen, &m_json, nullptr)) {
-		throw ox::Exception(1, "Could not parse JSON");
+		throw Exception(1, "Could not parse JSON");
 	}
 }
 
-OrganicClawReader::OrganicClawReader(Json::Value json, int unionIdx) noexcept:
+OrganicClawReader::OrganicClawReader(Json::Value json, int const unionIdx) noexcept:
 	m_json(std::move(json)),
 	m_unionIdx(unionIdx) {
 }
 
-Error OrganicClawReader::field(const char *key, bool *val) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawReader::field(CString const key, bool *val) noexcept {
-	auto err = ox::Error(0);
+	Error err{};
 	if (targetValid()) {
 		const auto &jv = value(key);
 		if (jv.empty()) {
@@ -45,16 +45,16 @@ Error OrganicClawReader::field(const char *key, bool *val) noexcept {
 		} else if (jv.isBool()) {
 			*val = jv.asBool();
 		} else {
-			err = ox::Error(1, "Type mismatch");
+			err = Error(1, "Type mismatch");
 		}
 	}
 	++m_fieldIt;
 	return err;
 }
 
-Error OrganicClawReader::fieldCString(const char *key, char *val, std::size_t buffLen) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawReader::fieldCString(CString const key, char *val, size_t const buffLen) noexcept {
-	auto err = ox::Error(0);
+	Error err{};
-	const char *begin = nullptr, *end = nullptr;
+	CString begin = nullptr, end = nullptr;
 	const auto &jv = value(key);
 	if (targetValid()) {
 		if (jv.empty()) {
@@ -64,25 +64,25 @@ Error OrganicClawReader::fieldCString(const char *key, char *val, std::size_t bu
 			}
 		} else if (jv.isString()) {
 			jv.getString(&begin, &end);
-			const auto strSize = static_cast<std::size_t>(end - begin);
+			const auto strSize = static_cast<size_t>(end - begin);
 			auto data = val;
 			if (strSize >= buffLen) {
-				err = ox::Error(2, "String size exceeds capacity of destination");
+				err = Error(2, "String size exceeds capacity of destination");
 			} else {
-				ox::memcpy(data, begin, static_cast<std::size_t>(strSize));
+				memcpy(data, begin, static_cast<size_t>(strSize));
 				data[strSize] = 0;
 			}
 		} else {
-			err = ox::Error(1, "Type mismatch");
+			err = Error(1, "Type mismatch");
 		}
 	}
 	++m_fieldIt;
 	return err;
 }
 
-Error OrganicClawReader::fieldCString(const char *key, char **val) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawReader::fieldCString(CString const key, char **val) noexcept {
-	auto err = ox::Error(0);
+	Error err{};
-	const char *begin = nullptr, *end = nullptr;
+	CString begin = nullptr, end = nullptr;
 	const auto &jv = value(key);
 	auto &data = *val;
 	if (targetValid()) {
@@ -92,22 +92,22 @@ Error OrganicClawReader::fieldCString(const char *key, char **val) noexcept {
 			}
 		} else if (jv.isString()) {
 			jv.getString(&begin, &end);
-			const auto strSize = static_cast<std::size_t>(end - begin);
+			const auto strSize = static_cast<size_t>(end - begin);
 			safeDelete(*val);
 			*val = new char[strSize + 1];
-			ox::memcpy(data, begin, static_cast<std::size_t>(strSize));
+			memcpy(data, begin, static_cast<size_t>(strSize));
 			data[strSize] = 0;
 		} else {
-			err = ox::Error(1, "Type mismatch");
+			err = Error(1, "Type mismatch");
 		}
 	}
 	++m_fieldIt;
 	return err;
 }
 
-Error OrganicClawReader::fieldCString(const char *key, char **val, std::size_t buffLen) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawReader::fieldCString(CString const key, char **val, size_t const buffLen) noexcept {
-	auto err = ox::Error(0);
+	Error err{};
-	const char *begin = nullptr, *end = nullptr;
+	CString begin = nullptr, end = nullptr;
 	const auto &jv = value(key);
 	if (targetValid()) {
 		if (jv.empty()) {
@@ -117,29 +117,29 @@ Error OrganicClawReader::fieldCString(const char *key, char **val, std::size_t b
 			}
 		} else if (jv.isString()) {
 			jv.getString(&begin, &end);
-			const auto strSize = static_cast<std::size_t>(end - begin);
+			const auto strSize = static_cast<size_t>(end - begin);
 			auto data = val;
 			if (strSize >= buffLen) {
 				safeDelete(*val);
 				*val = new char[strSize + 1];
 			}
-			ox::memcpy(data, begin, static_cast<std::size_t>(strSize));
+			memcpy(data, begin, static_cast<size_t>(strSize));
 			data[strSize] = nullptr;
 		} else {
-			err = ox::Error(1, "Type mismatch");
+			err = Error(1, "Type mismatch");
 		}
 	}
 	++m_fieldIt;
 	return err;
 }
 
-Error OrganicClawReader::field(const char *key, UUID *val) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawReader::field(CString const key, UUID *val) noexcept {
 	UUIDStr str;
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(field(key, &str));
 	return UUID::fromString(str).moveTo(*val);
 }
 
-Result<std::size_t> OrganicClawReader::arrayLength(const char *key, bool) noexcept {
+Result<size_t> OrganicClawReader::arrayLength(CString const key, bool) noexcept {
 	const auto &jv = value(key);
 	if (jv.empty()) {
 		return 0;
@@ -147,32 +147,32 @@ Result<std::size_t> OrganicClawReader::arrayLength(const char *key, bool) noexce
 	if (jv.isArray()) {
 		return jv.size();
 	}
-	return ox::Error(1, "Type mismatch");
+	return Error(1, "Type mismatch");
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]]
-std::size_t OrganicClawReader::stringLength(const char *key) noexcept {
+size_t OrganicClawReader::stringLength(CString const key) noexcept {
-	const char *begin = nullptr, *end = nullptr;
+	CString begin = nullptr, end = nullptr;
 	const auto &jv = value(key);
 	if (jv.empty()) {
 		return 0;
 	}
 	if (jv.isString()) {
 		jv.getString(&begin, &end);
-		return static_cast<std::size_t>(end - begin);
+		return static_cast<size_t>(end - begin);
 	}
-	return ox::Error(1, "Type mismatch");
+	return Error(1, "Type mismatch");
 }
 
-OrganicClawReader OrganicClawReader::child(const char *key, int unionIdx) noexcept {
+OrganicClawReader OrganicClawReader::child(CString const key, int const unionIdx) noexcept {
 	return OrganicClawReader(value(key), unionIdx);
 }
 
-bool OrganicClawReader::fieldPresent(const char *key) noexcept {
+bool OrganicClawReader::fieldPresent(CString const key) noexcept {
 	return !m_json[key].empty();
 }
 
-int OrganicClawReader::whichFieldPresent(const char *name, const ModelUnion &u) const noexcept {
+int OrganicClawReader::whichFieldPresent(CString const name, ModelUnion const &u) const noexcept {
 	const auto &obj = m_json[name];
 	if (!obj.isObject()) {
 		return -1;
@@ -184,7 +184,7 @@ int OrganicClawReader::whichFieldPresent(const char *name, const ModelUnion &u)
 	return u.getKeyIdx(keys.front().c_str());
 }
 
-Json::Value &OrganicClawReader::value(const char *key) noexcept {
+Json::Value &OrganicClawReader::value(CString const key) noexcept {
 	if (m_json.isArray()) {
 		return m_json[m_fieldIt];
 	} else {

deps/ox/src/ox/oc/read.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <ox/std/def.hpp>
+
+OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 #include <json/json.h>
+OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 
 #include <ox/model/fieldcounter.hpp>
 #include <ox/model/modelhandleradaptor.hpp>
@@ -30,75 +34,76 @@ class OrganicClawReader {
 	private:
 		Json::Value m_json;
 		Json::ArrayIndex m_fieldIt = 0;
-		int m_unionIdx = -1;
+		int const m_unionIdx = -1;
 
 	public:
 		OrganicClawReader() noexcept = default;
 
-		OrganicClawReader(const uint8_t *buff, std::size_t buffSize);
+		OrganicClawReader(uint8_t const *buff, size_t buffSize);
 
-		OrganicClawReader(const char *json, std::size_t buffSize);
+		OrganicClawReader(CString json, size_t buffSize);
 
 		explicit OrganicClawReader(Json::Value json, int unionIdx = -1) noexcept;
 
-		Error field(const char *key, bool *val) noexcept;
+		Error field(CString key, bool *val) noexcept;
 
 		// array handler
 		template<typename T>
-		Error field(const char *key, T *val, std::size_t len) noexcept;
+		Error field(CString key, T *val, size_t len) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename T>
-		Error field(const char*, HashMap<String, T> *val) noexcept;
+		Error field(CString, HashMap<String, T> *val) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename T>
-		Error field(const char *key, T *val) noexcept;
+		Error field(CString key, T *val) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename U, bool force = false>
-		Error field(const char *key, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept;
+		Error field(CString key, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept;
 
-		template<std::size_t L>
+		template<size_t L>
-		Error field(const char *key, BasicString<L> *val) noexcept;
+		Error field(CString key, BasicString<L> *val) noexcept;
 
-		template<std::size_t L>
+		template<size_t L>
-		Error field(const char *key, IString<L> *val) noexcept;
+		Error field(CString key, IString<L> *val) noexcept;
 
-		Error fieldCString(const char *key, char *val, std::size_t buffLen) noexcept;
+		Error fieldCString(CString key, char *val, size_t buffLen) noexcept;
 
-		Error fieldCString(const char *key, char **val) noexcept;
+		Error fieldCString(CString key, char **val) noexcept;
 
-		Error fieldCString(const char *key, char **val, std::size_t buffLen) noexcept;
+		Error fieldCString(CString key, char **val, size_t buffLen) noexcept;
 
-		Error field(const char *key, UUID *val) noexcept;
+		Error field(CString key, UUID *val) noexcept;
 
 		/**
 		 * Reads an array length from the current location in the buffer.
+		 * @param key
 		 * @param pass indicates that the parsing should iterate past the array length
 		 */
-		Result<std::size_t> arrayLength(const char *key, bool pass = true) noexcept;
+		Result<size_t> arrayLength(CString key, bool pass = true) noexcept;
 
 		/**
 		 * Reads an string length from the current location in the buffer.
 		 */
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		std::size_t stringLength(const char *name) noexcept;
+		size_t stringLength(CString key) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename T = void>
-		constexpr ox::Error setTypeInfo() noexcept {
+		constexpr Error setTypeInfo() noexcept {
 			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename T = void>
-		constexpr ox::Error setTypeInfo(const char*) noexcept {
+		constexpr Error setTypeInfo(CString) noexcept {
 			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename T = void>
-		constexpr ox::Error setTypeInfo(const char*, int, const Vector<String>& = {}) noexcept {
+		constexpr Error setTypeInfo(CString, int, const Vector<String>& = {}) noexcept {
 			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename T = void>
-		constexpr ox::Error setTypeInfo(const char*, int, const Vector<String>& = {}, std::size_t = {}) noexcept {
+		constexpr Error setTypeInfo(CString, int, const Vector<String>& = {}, size_t = {}) noexcept {
 			return {};
 		}
 
@@ -106,16 +111,16 @@ class OrganicClawReader {
 		 * Returns a OrganicClawReader to parse a child object.
 		 */
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		OrganicClawReader child(const char *key, int unionIdx = -1) noexcept;
+		OrganicClawReader child(CString key, int unionIdx = -1) noexcept;
 
 		// compatibility stub
 		constexpr void nextField() noexcept {}
 
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		bool fieldPresent(const char *key) noexcept;
+		bool fieldPresent(CString key) noexcept;
 
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		int whichFieldPresent(const char *name, const ModelUnion &u) const noexcept;
+		int whichFieldPresent(CString name, const ModelUnion &u) const noexcept;
 
 		[[nodiscard]]
 		static constexpr auto opType() noexcept {
@@ -124,7 +129,7 @@ class OrganicClawReader {
 
 	private:
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		Json::Value &value(const char *key) noexcept;
+		Json::Value &value(CString key) noexcept;
 
 		[[nodiscard]]
 		bool targetValid() const noexcept;
@@ -132,98 +137,102 @@ class OrganicClawReader {
 };
 
 template<typename T>
-Error OrganicClawReader::field(const char *key, T *val) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawReader::field(CString key, T *val) noexcept {
-	auto err = ox::Error(0);
+	Error err{};
 	try {
 		if constexpr (is_integer_v<T>) {
 			if (targetValid()) {
-				auto const&jv = value(key);
+				auto const &jv = value(key);
 				auto const rightType = sizeof(T) == 8 ?
-				                       (ox::is_signed_v<T> ? jv.isInt64() : jv.isUInt64()) :
+					(is_signed_v<T> ? jv.isInt64() : jv.isUInt64()) :
-				                       (ox::is_signed_v<T> ? jv.isInt() : jv.isUInt());
+					(is_signed_v<T> ? jv.isInt() : jv.isUInt());
 				if (jv.empty()) {
 					*val = 0;
 				} else if (rightType) {
-					*val = static_cast<T>(jv.asUInt());
+					if constexpr(is_signed_v<T>) {
+						*val = static_cast<T>(jv.asInt64());
+					} else {
+						*val = static_cast<T>(jv.asUInt64());
+					}
 				} else {
-					err = ox::Error(1, "Type mismatch");
+					err = Error{1, "Type mismatch"};
 				}
 			}
 		} else if constexpr (isVector_v<T>) {
-			const auto&srcVal = value(key);
+			auto const &srcVal = value(key);
-			const auto srcSize = srcVal.size();
+			auto const srcSize = srcVal.size();
-			OX_RETURN_ERROR(ox::resizeVector(*val, srcSize));
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(resizeVector(*val, srcSize));
 			err = field(key, val->data(), val->size());
 		} else if constexpr (isArray_v<T>) {
-			const auto&srcVal = value(key);
+			auto const &srcVal = value(key);
-			const auto srcSize = srcVal.size();
+			auto const srcSize = srcVal.size();
 			if (srcSize > val->size()) {
-				err = ox::Error(1, "Input array is too long");
+				err = Error{1, "Input array is too long"};
 			} else {
 				err = field(key, val->data(), val->size());
 			}
 		} else if (targetValid()) {
-			const auto&jv = value(key);
+			auto const &jv = value(key);
 			if (jv.empty() || jv.isObject()) {
 				auto reader = child(key);
-				ModelHandlerInterface handler(&reader);
+				ModelHandlerInterface handler(reader);
 				err = model(&handler, val);
 			} else {
-				err = ox::Error(1, "Type mismatch");
+				err = Error{1, "Type mismatch"};
 			}
 		}
-	} catch (Json::LogicError const&) {
+	} catch (Json::LogicError const &e) {
-		err = ox::Error(1, "error reading JSON data");
+		err = Error{1, "error reading JSON data"};
 	}
 	++m_fieldIt;
 	return err;
 }
 
 template<typename U, bool force>
-Error OrganicClawReader::field(const char *key, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawReader::field(CString const key, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept {
-	auto err = ox::Error(0);
+	Error err{};
 	if (targetValid()) {
-		const auto &jv = value(key);
+		auto const &jv = value(key);
 		if (jv.empty() || jv.isObject()) {
 			auto reader = child(key, val.idx());
-			ModelHandlerInterface handler(&reader);
+			ModelHandlerInterface handler(reader);
 			err = model(&handler, val.get());
 		} else {
-			err = ox::Error(1, "Type mismatch");
+			err = Error{1, "Type mismatch"};
 		}
 	}
 	++m_fieldIt;
 	return err;
 }
 
-template<std::size_t L>
+template<size_t L>
-Error OrganicClawReader::field(const char *key, BasicString<L> *val) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawReader::field(CString const key, BasicString<L> *val) noexcept {
-	auto err = ox::Error(0);
+	Error err{};
 	if (targetValid()) {
-		const auto &jv = value(key);
+		auto const &jv = value(key);
 		if (jv.empty()) {
 			*val = BasicString<L>{};
 		} else if (jv.isString()) {
 			*val = jv.asString().c_str();
 		} else {
-			err = ox::Error(1, "Type mismatch");
+			err = Error{1, "Type mismatch"};
 		}
 	}
 	++m_fieldIt;
 	return err;
 }
 
-template<std::size_t L>
+template<size_t L>
-Error OrganicClawReader::field(const char *key, IString<L> *val) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawReader::field(CString const key, IString<L> *val) noexcept {
-	auto err = ox::Error(0);
+	Error err{};
 	if (targetValid()) {
-		const auto &jv = value(key);
+		auto const &jv = value(key);
 		if (jv.empty()) {
 			*val = IString<L>{};
 		} else if (jv.isString()) {
 			*val = jv.asString().c_str();
 		} else {
-			err = ox::Error(1, "Type mismatch");
+			err = Error{1, "Type mismatch"};
 		}
 	}
 	++m_fieldIt;
@@ -232,60 +241,60 @@ Error OrganicClawReader::field(const char *key, IString<L> *val) noexcept {
 
 // array handler
 template<typename T>
-Error OrganicClawReader::field(const char *key, T *val, std::size_t valLen) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawReader::field(CString const key, T *val, size_t valLen) noexcept {
-	const auto &srcVal = value(key);
+	auto const &srcVal = value(key);
 	if (!srcVal.isNull() && !srcVal.isArray()) {
-		return ox::Error(1, "Type mismatch");
+		return Error{1, "Type mismatch"};
 	}
 	auto srcSize = srcVal.size();
 	if (srcSize > valLen) {
-		return ox::Error(1);
+		return Error{1};
 	}
 	OrganicClawReader r(srcVal);
-	ModelHandlerInterface handler{&r};
+	ModelHandlerInterface handler{r};
 	for (decltype(srcSize) i = 0; i < srcSize; ++i) {
 OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.field("", &val[i]));
 OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-Error OrganicClawReader::field(const char *key, HashMap<String, T> *val) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawReader::field(CString const key, HashMap<String, T> *val) noexcept {
-	const auto &srcVal = value(key);
+	auto const &srcVal = value(key);
 	if (!srcVal.isObject()) {
-		return ox::Error(1, "Type mismatch");
+		return Error{1, "Type mismatch"};
 	}
 	auto keys = srcVal.getMemberNames();
 	auto srcSize = srcVal.size();
 	OrganicClawReader r(srcVal);
-	ModelHandlerInterface handler{&r};
+	ModelHandlerInterface handler{r};
 	for (decltype(srcSize) i = 0; i < srcSize; ++i) {
-		const auto k = keys[i].c_str();
+		auto const k = keys[i].c_str();
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.field(k, &val->operator[](k)));
 	}
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
-Error readOC(BufferView buff, auto &val) noexcept {
+Error readOC(BufferView const buff, auto &val) noexcept {
 	// OrganicClawReader constructor can throw, but readOC should return its errors.
 	try {
 		Json::Value doc;
 		Json::CharReaderBuilder parserBuilder;
-		auto parser = UniquePtr<Json::CharReader>(parserBuilder.newCharReader());
+		auto parser = UPtr<Json::CharReader>(parserBuilder.newCharReader());
 OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 		if (!parser->parse(buff.data(), buff.data() + buff.size(), &doc, nullptr)) {
 OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
-			return ox::Error(1, "Could not parse JSON");
+			return Error{1, "Could not parse JSON"};
 		}
 		OrganicClawReader reader(buff.data(), buff.size());
-		ModelHandlerInterface handler(&reader);
+		ModelHandlerInterface handler(reader);
 		return model(&handler, &val);
-	} catch (const Error &err) {
+	} catch (Error const &err) {
 		return err;
 	} catch (...) {
-		return ox::Error(1, "Unknown Error");
+		return Error{1, "Unknown Error"};
 	}
 }
 
@@ -297,8 +306,8 @@ Result<T> readOC(BufferView buff) noexcept {
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-Result<T> readOC(ox::StringView json) noexcept {
+Result<T> readOC(StringViewCR json) noexcept {
-	return readOC<T>(ox::BufferView{json.data(), json.len()});
+	return readOC<T>(BufferView{json.data(), json.size()});
 }
 
 }

deps/ox/src/ox/oc/test/tests.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/oc/write.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -10,29 +10,29 @@
 
 namespace ox {
 
-OrganicClawWriter::OrganicClawWriter(int unionIdx) noexcept: m_unionIdx(unionIdx) {
+OrganicClawWriter::OrganicClawWriter(int const unionIdx) noexcept: m_unionIdx(unionIdx) {
 }
 
-OrganicClawWriter::OrganicClawWriter(Json::Value json, int unionIdx) noexcept:
+OrganicClawWriter::OrganicClawWriter(Json::Value json, int const unionIdx) noexcept:
 	m_json(std::move(json)),
 	m_unionIdx(unionIdx) {
 }
 
-Error OrganicClawWriter::fieldCString(const char *key, const char *const*val, int len) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawWriter::fieldCString(const char *key, const char *const *val, int const len) noexcept {
 	if (targetValid() && len) {
 		value(key) = *val;
 	}
 	++m_fieldIt;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
-Error OrganicClawWriter::fieldCString(const char *key, const char *const*val) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawWriter::fieldCString(const char *key, const char *const *val) noexcept {
 	return fieldCString(key, const_cast<const char**>(val), static_cast<int>(ox::strlen(val)));
 }
 
-Error OrganicClawWriter::field(const char *key, const UUID *uuid) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawWriter::field(const char *key, UUID const *uuid) noexcept {
 	const auto uuidStr = uuid->toString();
-	if (targetValid() && uuidStr.len()) {
+	if (targetValid() && uuidStr.size()) {
 		value(key) = uuidStr.c_str();
 	}
 	++m_fieldIt;

deps/ox/src/ox/oc/write.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -8,7 +8,11 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
+#include <ox/std/def.hpp>
+
+OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 #include <json/json.h>
+OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 
 #include <ox/model/fieldcounter.hpp>
 #include <ox/model/modelhandleradaptor.hpp>
@@ -24,85 +28,85 @@ namespace ox {
 
 class OrganicClawWriter {
 
-	friend Result<ox::Buffer> writeOC(const auto &val) noexcept;
+	friend Result<Buffer> writeOC(const auto &val) noexcept;
-	friend Result<ox::String> writeOCString(const auto &val) noexcept;
+	friend Result<String> writeOCString(const auto &val) noexcept;
 
 	protected:
 		Json::Value m_json{Json::Value(Json::objectValue)};
 		Json::ArrayIndex m_fieldIt = 0;
-		int m_unionIdx = -1;
+		int const m_unionIdx = -1;
 
 	public:
 		explicit OrganicClawWriter(int unionIdx = -1) noexcept;
 
 		explicit OrganicClawWriter(Json::Value json, int unionIdx = -1) noexcept;
 
-		Error field(const char *key, const int8_t *val) noexcept {
+		Error field(CString const key, int8_t const *val) noexcept {
 			if (targetValid() && (*val || m_json.isArray())) {
 				value(key) = *val;
 			}
 			++m_fieldIt;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
-		Error field(const char *key, const int16_t *val) noexcept {
+		Error field(CString const key, int16_t const *val) noexcept {
 			if (targetValid() && (*val || m_json.isArray())) {
 				value(key) = *val;
 			}
 			++m_fieldIt;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
-		Error field(const char *key, const int32_t *val) noexcept {
+		Error field(CString const key, int32_t const *val) noexcept {
 			if (targetValid() && (*val || m_json.isArray())) {
 				value(key) = *val;
 			}
 			++m_fieldIt;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
-		Error field(const char *key, const int64_t *val) noexcept {
+		Error field(CString const key, int64_t const *val) noexcept {
 			if (targetValid() && (*val || m_json.isArray())) {
 				value(key) = *val;
 			}
 			++m_fieldIt;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
 
-		Error field(const char *key, const uint8_t *val) noexcept {
+		Error field(CString const key, uint8_t const *val) noexcept {
 			if (targetValid() && (*val || m_json.isArray())) {
 				value(key) = *val;
 			}
 			++m_fieldIt;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
-		Error field(const char *key, const uint16_t *val) noexcept {
+		Error field(CString const key, uint16_t const *val) noexcept {
 			if (targetValid() && (*val || m_json.isArray())) {
 				value(key) = *val;
 			}
 			++m_fieldIt;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
-		Error field(const char *key, const uint32_t *val) noexcept {
+		Error field(CString const key, uint32_t const *val) noexcept {
 			if (targetValid() && (*val || m_json.isArray())) {
 				value(key) = *val;
 			}
 			++m_fieldIt;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
-		Error field(const char *key, const uint64_t *val) noexcept {
+		Error field(CString const key, uint64_t const *val) noexcept {
 			if (targetValid() && (*val || m_json.isArray())) {
 				value(key) = *val;
 			}
 			++m_fieldIt;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
-		Error field(char const*key, bool const*val) noexcept {
+		Error field(char const*key, bool const *val) noexcept {
 			if (targetValid() && (*val || m_json.isArray())) {
 				value(key) = *val;
 			}
@@ -114,12 +118,12 @@ class OrganicClawWriter {
 		Error field(char const*, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename T>
-		Error field(char const*key, HashMap<String, T> const*val) noexcept {
+		Error field(char const*key, HashMap<String, T> const *val) noexcept {
 			if (targetValid()) {
 				const auto &keys = val->keys();
 				OrganicClawWriter w;
-				ModelHandlerInterface<OrganicClawWriter, OpType::Write> handler{&w};
+				ModelHandlerInterface<OrganicClawWriter, OpType::Write> handler{w};
-				for (std::size_t i = 0; i < keys.size(); ++i) {
+				for (size_t i = 0; i < keys.size(); ++i) {
 					const auto k = keys[i].c_str();
 					if (k) [[likely]] {
 						OX_REQUIRE_M(value, val->at(k));
@@ -132,49 +136,49 @@ class OrganicClawWriter {
 			return {};
 		}
 
-		template<std::size_t L>
+		template<size_t L>
-		Error field(char const*key, IString<L> const*val) noexcept {
+		Error field(char const*key, IString<L> const *val) noexcept {
-			if (targetValid() && val->len()) {
+			if (targetValid() && val->size()) {
 				value(key) = val->c_str();
 			}
 			++m_fieldIt;
 			return {};
 		}
 
-		template<std::size_t L>
+		template<size_t L>
-		Error field(char const*key, BasicString<L> const*val) noexcept {
+		Error field(char const*key, BasicString<L> const *val) noexcept {
-			if (targetValid() && val->len()) {
+			if (targetValid() && val->size()) {
 				value(key) = val->c_str();
 			}
 			++m_fieldIt;
-			return ox::Error(0);
+			return {};
 		}
 
-		Error fieldCString(const char*, const char *const*val, int len) noexcept;
+		Error fieldCString(CString, CString const *val, int len) noexcept;
 
-		Error fieldCString(const char *name, const char *const*val) noexcept;
+		Error fieldCString(CString name, CString const*val) noexcept;
 
-		Error field(const char *key, const UUID *uuid) noexcept;
+		Error field(CString key, UUID const *uuid) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename T>
-		Error field(const char*, const T *val, std::size_t len) noexcept;
+		Error field(CString, T const *val, size_t len) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename T>
-		Error field(const char*, const T *val) noexcept;
+		Error field(CString, T const *val) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename T>
-		constexpr ox::Error setTypeInfo(
+		constexpr Error setTypeInfo(
 				const char* = T::TypeName,
 				int = T::TypeVersion) noexcept {
 			return {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename T>
-		constexpr ox::Error setTypeInfo(
+		constexpr Error setTypeInfo(
 				const char*,
 				int,
-				const Vector<String>&,
+				Vector<String> const&,
-				std::size_t) noexcept {
+				size_t) noexcept {
 			return {};
 		}
 
@@ -190,16 +194,16 @@ class OrganicClawWriter {
 		}
 
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		Json::Value &value(const char *key) noexcept;
+		Json::Value &value(CString key) noexcept;
 
 };
 
 template<typename T>
-Error OrganicClawWriter::field(const char *key, const T *val, std::size_t len) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawWriter::field(CString key, T const *val, size_t const len) noexcept {
 	if (targetValid() && len) {
 		OrganicClawWriter w((Json::Value(Json::arrayValue)));
-		ModelHandlerInterface<OrganicClawWriter, OpType::Write> handler{&w};
+		ModelHandlerInterface<OrganicClawWriter, OpType::Write> handler{w};
-		for (std::size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
+		for (size_t i = 0; i < len; ++i) {
 OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 			OX_RETURN_ERROR(handler.field({}, &val[i]));
 OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
@@ -207,70 +211,74 @@ OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 		value(key) = w.m_json;
 	}
 	++m_fieldIt;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename T>
-Error OrganicClawWriter::field(const char *key, const T *val) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawWriter::field(CString key, T const *val) noexcept {
 	if constexpr(is_integer_v<T>) {
 		if (targetValid() && (*val || m_json.isArray())) {
 			// the int type needs to be normalized because jsoncpp doesn't
 			// factor in every permutation unsigned long, etc.
-			if constexpr(ox::is_signed_v<T>) {
+			if constexpr(is_signed_v<T>) {
-				value(key) = static_cast<ox::Int<8 * sizeof(*val)>>(*val);
+				value(key) = static_cast<Int<8 * sizeof(*val)>>(*val);
 			} else {
-				value(key) = static_cast<ox::Uint<8 * sizeof(*val)>>(*val);
+				value(key) = static_cast<Uint<8 * sizeof(*val)>>(*val);
 			}
 		}
 	} else if constexpr(isVector_v<T> || isArray_v<T>) {
 		return field(key, val->data(), val->size());
 	} else if (val && targetValid()) {
 		OrganicClawWriter w;
-		ModelHandlerInterface<OrganicClawWriter, OpType::Write> handler{&w};
+		ModelHandlerInterface<OrganicClawWriter, OpType::Write> handler{w};
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(&handler, val));
 		if (!w.m_json.empty() || m_json.isArray()) {
 			value(key) = w.m_json;
 		}
 	}
 	++m_fieldIt;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename U, bool force>
-Error OrganicClawWriter::field(const char *key, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept {
+Error OrganicClawWriter::field(CString key, UnionView<U, force> val) noexcept {
 	if (targetValid()) {
 		OrganicClawWriter w(val.idx());
-		ModelHandlerInterface<OrganicClawWriter, OpType::Write> handler{&w};
+		ModelHandlerInterface<OrganicClawWriter, OpType::Write> handler{w};
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(&handler, val.get()));
 		if (!w.m_json.isNull()) {
 			value(key) = w.m_json;
 		}
 	}
 	++m_fieldIt;
-	return ox::Error(0);
+	return {};
 }
 
-Result<ox::Buffer> writeOC(const auto &val) noexcept {
+Result<Buffer> writeOC(auto const &val) noexcept {
 	OrganicClawWriter writer;
-	ModelHandlerInterface<OrganicClawWriter, OpType::Write> handler(&writer);
+	ModelHandlerInterface<OrganicClawWriter, OpType::Write> handler(writer);
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(&handler, &val));
 	Json::StreamWriterBuilder const jsonBuilder;
-	const auto str = Json::writeString(jsonBuilder, writer.m_json);
+	auto const str = Json::writeString(jsonBuilder, writer.m_json);
 	Result<Buffer> buff;
 	buff.value.resize(str.size() + 1);
+	OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 	memcpy(buff.value.data(), str.data(), str.size() + 1);
+	OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 	return buff;
 }
 
-Result<ox::String> writeOCString(const auto &val) noexcept {
+Result<String> writeOCString(auto const &val) noexcept {
 	OrganicClawWriter writer;
-	ModelHandlerInterface<OrganicClawWriter, OpType::Write> handler(&writer);
+	ModelHandlerInterface<OrganicClawWriter, OpType::Write> handler(writer);
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(model(&handler, &val));
 	Json::StreamWriterBuilder const jsonBuilder;
-	const auto str = Json::writeString(jsonBuilder, writer.m_json);
+	auto const str = Json::writeString(jsonBuilder, writer.m_json);
-	Result<ox::String> buff;
+	Result<String> buff;
 	buff.value.resize(str.size());
+	OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 	memcpy(buff.value.data(), str.data(), str.size() + 1);
+	OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 	return buff;
 }
 

deps/ox/src/ox/preloader/alignmentcatcher.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/preloader/platspecs.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/preloader/preloader.cpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/preloader/preloader.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -74,7 +74,7 @@ class Preloader: public ModelHandlerBase<Preloader<PlatSpec>, OpType::Reflect> {
 		const Preloader &operator=(const Preloader &src) = delete;
 		const Preloader &operator=(Preloader &&src) = delete;
 
-		constexpr static ox::Result<ox::UniquePtr<Preloader>> make(ox::ios_base::seekdir anchor = ox::ios_base::cur,
+		constexpr static ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Preloader>> make(ox::ios_base::seekdir anchor = ox::ios_base::cur,
 		                                                           std::size_t sz = 0) noexcept;
 
 		template<typename T>
@@ -141,9 +141,9 @@ class Preloader: public ModelHandlerBase<Preloader<PlatSpec>, OpType::Reflect> {
 };
 
 template<typename PlatSpec>
-constexpr ox::Result<ox::UniquePtr<Preloader<PlatSpec>>>
+constexpr ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Preloader<PlatSpec>>>
 Preloader<PlatSpec>::make(ox::ios_base::seekdir anchor, std::size_t sz) noexcept {
-	auto p = ox::UniquePtr<Preloader>(new Preloader);
+	auto p = ox::UPtr<Preloader>(new Preloader);
 	if (const auto err = p->m_writer.seekp(0, anchor)) {
 		return {std::move(p), err};
 	}

deps/ox/src/ox/preloader/sizecatcher.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/preloader/unionsizecatcher.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this

deps/ox/src/ox/std/CMakeLists.txt

@@ -33,6 +33,7 @@ add_library(
 		concepts.cpp
 		fmt.cpp
 		heapmgr.cpp
+		istreamreader.cpp
 		math.cpp
 		memops.cpp
 		random.cpp
@@ -109,6 +110,7 @@ install(
 		error.hpp
 		fmt.hpp
 		hardware.hpp
+		hash.hpp
 		hashmap.hpp
 		heapmgr.hpp
 		ignore.hpp

deps/ox/src/ox/std/algorithm.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -9,13 +9,25 @@
 #pragma once
 
 #include "def.hpp"
+#include "error.hpp"
 
 OX_CLANG_NOWARN_BEGIN(-Wunsafe-buffer-usage)
 
 namespace ox {
 
 template<typename It, typename T>
-constexpr It find(It begin, It end, const T &value) {
+constexpr ox::Result<size_t> findIdx(It begin, It end, T const&value) {
+	auto it = begin;
+	for (; it != end; ++it) {
+		if (*it == value) {
+			return it.offset();
+		}
+	}
+	return ox::Error{1, "item not found"};
+}
+
+template<typename It, typename T>
+constexpr It find(It begin, It end, T const&value) {
 	for (; begin != end; ++begin) {
 		if (*begin == value) {
 			return begin;

deps/ox/src/ox/std/anyptr.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -15,20 +15,24 @@
 
 namespace ox {
 
-class AnyPtr {
+namespace detail {
+
+template<bool unique>
+class AnyPtrT {
 	private:
 		struct WrapBase {
 			virtual constexpr ~WrapBase() = default;
-			virtual constexpr WrapBase *copyTo(ox::Span<char> s) noexcept = 0;
+			virtual constexpr WrapBase *copyTo(Span<char> s) const noexcept = 0;
 			virtual constexpr operator bool() const noexcept = 0;
+			virtual void free() noexcept = 0;
 		};
 
 		template<typename T>
-		struct Wrap: public WrapBase {
+		struct Wrap final: WrapBase {
 			T *data{};
-			constexpr Wrap(T *pData) noexcept: data(pData) {
+			explicit constexpr Wrap(T *pData) noexcept: data(pData) {
 			}
-			constexpr WrapBase *copyTo(ox::Span<char> s) noexcept override {
+			constexpr WrapBase *copyTo(Span<char> s) const noexcept override {
 				oxAssert(s.size() >= sizeof(Wrap), "too small buffer");
 				if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
 					return new Wrap(data);
@@ -39,71 +43,160 @@ class AnyPtr {
 			constexpr operator bool() const noexcept override {
 				return data != nullptr;
 			}
+			constexpr void free() noexcept override {
+				safeDelete(data);
+				data = {};
+			}
 		};
 
-		WrapBase *m_wrapPtr{};
+		union {
-		ox::Array<char, sizeof(Wrap<void*>)> m_wrapData;
+			WrapBase *m_wrapPtr{};
+			AllocAlias<Wrap<void*>> m_wrapData;
+		} m_data;
 
 	public:
-		constexpr AnyPtr() noexcept = default;
+		constexpr AnyPtrT() noexcept = default;
 
 		template<typename T>
-		constexpr AnyPtr(T *ptr) noexcept {
+		constexpr AnyPtrT(T *ptr) noexcept {
 			if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
-				m_wrapPtr = new Wrap(ptr);
+				setWrapPtr(new Wrap<T>(ptr));
 			} else {
-				m_wrapPtr = new(m_wrapData.data()) Wrap(ptr);
+				new(m_data.m_wrapData.data()) Wrap<T>(ptr);
 			}
 		}
 
-		constexpr AnyPtr(AnyPtr const&other) noexcept {
+		constexpr AnyPtrT(AnyPtrT const &other) noexcept requires(!unique) {
 			if (other) {
-				m_wrapPtr = other.m_wrapPtr->copyTo(m_wrapData);
+				setWrapPtr(other.getWrapPtr()->copyTo(m_data.m_wrapData.buff));
 			}
 		}
 
-		constexpr ~AnyPtr() noexcept {
+		constexpr AnyPtrT(AnyPtrT &&other) noexcept {
+			if (other) {
+				setWrapPtr(other.getWrapPtr()->copyTo(m_data.m_wrapData.buff));
+				if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+					ox::safeDelete(m_data.m_wrapPtr);
+				}
+				m_data.m_wrapData = {};
+			}
+		}
+
+		constexpr ~AnyPtrT() noexcept {
+			if constexpr(unique) {
+				free();
+			}
 			if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
-				ox::safeDelete(m_wrapPtr);
+				ox::safeDelete(m_data.m_wrapPtr);
 			}
 		}
 
 		template<typename T>
-		constexpr AnyPtr &operator=(T *ptr) noexcept {
+		constexpr AnyPtrT &operator=(T *ptr) noexcept {
+			if constexpr(unique) {
+				free();
+			} else if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+				ox::safeDelete(m_data.m_wrapPtr);
+			}
 			if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
-				ox::safeDelete(m_wrapPtr);
+				setWrapPtr(new Wrap(ptr));
-				m_wrapPtr = new Wrap(ptr);
 			} else {
-				m_wrapPtr = new(m_wrapData.data()) Wrap(ptr);
+				new(m_data.m_wrapData.data()) Wrap(ptr);
 			}
 			return *this;
 		}
 
-		constexpr AnyPtr &operator=(AnyPtr const&ptr) noexcept {
+		constexpr AnyPtrT &operator=(AnyPtrT const &ptr) noexcept requires(!unique) {
 			if (this != &ptr) {
-				if (ptr) {
+				if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
-					ox::safeDelete(m_wrapPtr);
+					ox::safeDelete(m_data.m_wrapPtr);
-					m_wrapPtr = ptr.m_wrapPtr->copyTo(m_wrapData);
+				}
+				if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+					if (ptr) {
+						ptr.getWrapPtr()->copyTo(m_data.m_wrapData.buff);
+					}
 				} else {
-					m_wrapPtr = nullptr;
+					if (ptr) {
+						setWrapPtr(ptr.getWrapPtr()->copyTo(m_data.m_wrapData.buff));
+					} else {
+						setWrapPtr(nullptr);
+					}
+				}
+			}
+			return *this;
+		}
+
+		constexpr AnyPtrT &operator=(AnyPtrT &&ptr) noexcept {
+			if (this != &ptr) {
+				if constexpr(unique) {
+					free();
+				} else if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+					ox::safeDelete(m_data.m_wrapPtr);
+				}
+				if (ptr) {
+					setWrapPtr(ptr.getWrapPtr()->copyTo(m_data.m_wrapData.buff));
+					if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+						ox::safeDelete(ptr.m_data.m_wrapPtr);
+						setWrapPtr(nullptr);
+					}
+				} else {
+					m_data = {};
 				}
 			}
 			return *this;
 		}
 
 		constexpr operator bool() const noexcept {
-			return m_wrapPtr && *m_wrapPtr;
+			return getWrapPtr() && *getWrapPtr();
+		}
+
+		constexpr void free() noexcept {
+			if (auto p = getWrapPtr()) {
+				p->free();
+			}
+			if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+				ox::safeDelete(m_data.m_wrapPtr);
+			}
+			m_data.m_wrapData = {};
 		}
 
 		template<typename T>
 		[[nodiscard]]
 		constexpr T *get() const noexcept {
-#ifdef OX_BARE_METAL
+			if constexpr(defines::HasRTTI) {
-			return static_cast<Wrap<T>*>(m_wrapPtr)->data;
+				return dynamic_cast<Wrap<T> const*>(getWrapPtr())->data;
-#else
+			}
-			return dynamic_cast<Wrap<T>*>(m_wrapPtr)->data;
+			return static_cast<Wrap<T> const*>(getWrapPtr())->data;
-#endif
 		}
+
+	private:
+		constexpr void setWrapPtr(WrapBase *ptr) noexcept {
+			if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+				m_data.m_wrapPtr = ptr;
+			}
+		}
+
+		constexpr WrapBase *getWrapPtr() noexcept {
+			if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+				return m_data.m_wrapPtr;
+			} else {
+				return std::launder(reinterpret_cast<WrapBase*>(m_data.m_wrapData.data()));
+			}
+		}
+
+		constexpr WrapBase const *getWrapPtr() const noexcept {
+			if (std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
+				return m_data.m_wrapPtr;
+			} else {
+				return std::launder(reinterpret_cast<WrapBase const*>(m_data.m_wrapData.data()));
+			}
+		}
+
 };
 
+}
+
+using AnyPtr = detail::AnyPtrT<false>;
+using UAnyPtr = detail::AnyPtrT<true>;
+
 }

deps/ox/src/ox/std/array.hpp

@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 /*
- * Copyright 2015 - 2024 gary@drinkingtea.net
+ * Copyright 2015 - 2025 gary@drinkingtea.net
  *
  * This Source Code Form is subject to the terms of the Mozilla Public
  * License, v. 2.0. If a copy of the MPL was not distributed with this
@@ -181,13 +181,13 @@ constexpr Array<T, ArraySize> &Array<T, ArraySize>::operator=(Array &&other) noe
 
 template<typename T, std::size_t ArraySize>
 constexpr T &Array<T, ArraySize>::operator[](std::size_t i) noexcept {
-	ox::primitiveAssert(__FILE__, __LINE__, i < size(), "Array access overflow");
+	boundsCheck(i, size(), "Array access overflow");
 	return m_items[i];
 }
 
 template<typename T, std::size_t ArraySize>
 constexpr const T &Array<T, ArraySize>::operator[](std::size_t i) const noexcept {
-	ox::primitiveAssert(__FILE__, __LINE__, i < size(), "Array access overflow");
+	boundsCheck(i, size(), "Array access overflow");
 	return m_items[i];
 }