diff --git a/deps/gbabuildcore/base.cmake b/deps/gbabuildcore/base.cmake
index 9b0b245..57678e2 100644
--- a/deps/gbabuildcore/base.cmake
+++ b/deps/gbabuildcore/base.cmake
@@ -1,8 +1,8 @@
 list(APPEND CMAKE_MODULE_PATH ${CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_DIR}/cmake/modules)
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -nostdlib")
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -nostdinc++")
-set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fno-unwind-tables")
-set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fno-exceptions")
+#set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fno-unwind-tables")
+#set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fno-exceptions")
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fno-rtti")
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -fno-strict-aliasing")
 set(CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS "${CMAKE_CXX_FLAGS} -mthumb-interwork")
diff --git a/deps/ox/src/ox/model/typenamecatcher.hpp b/deps/ox/src/ox/model/typenamecatcher.hpp
index ec65009..6d907c8 100644
--- a/deps/ox/src/ox/model/typenamecatcher.hpp
+++ b/deps/ox/src/ox/model/typenamecatcher.hpp
@@ -140,16 +140,16 @@ constexpr Str getModelTypeName() noexcept {
 	return out;
 }
 
-template<typename T>
+template<typename T, typename Str = const char*>
 [[nodiscard]]
 consteval auto requireModelTypeName() noexcept {
-	constexpr auto name = getModelTypeName<T>();
+	constexpr auto name = getModelTypeName<T, Str>();
 	static_assert(ox::StringView{name}.len(), "Type lacks required TypeName");
 	return name;
 }
 
 template<typename T, typename Str = const char*>
-constexpr auto ModelTypeName_v = getModelTypeName<T, Str>();
+constexpr auto ModelTypeName_v = requireModelTypeName<T, Str>();
 
 template<typename T, typename Str = const char*>
 constexpr auto ModelTypeVersion_v = requireModelTypeVersion<T>();
diff --git a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/assert.cpp b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/assert.cpp
index bda1262..aacd0f7 100644
--- a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/assert.cpp
+++ b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/assert.cpp
@@ -7,6 +7,7 @@
  */
 
 #include "fmt.hpp"
+#include "realstd.hpp"
 #include "stacktrace.hpp"
 #include "trace.hpp"
 
@@ -14,7 +15,7 @@
 
 namespace ox {
 
-void panic(StringViewCR file, int line, StringViewCR panicMsg, const Error &err) noexcept {
+void panic(StringViewCR file, int const line, StringViewCR panicMsg, Error const&err) noexcept {
 	oxErrf("\033[31;1;1mPANIC:\033[0m [{}:{}]: {}\n", file, line, panicMsg);
 	if (err.msg) {
 		oxErrf("\tError Message:\t{}\n", err.msg);
@@ -32,16 +33,19 @@ void panic(StringViewCR file, int line, StringViewCR panicMsg, const Error &err)
 #endif
 }
 
-void panic(const char *file, int line, const char *panicMsg, const Error &err) noexcept {
+void panic(const char *file, int const line, char const*panicMsg, Error const&err) noexcept {
 	panic(StringView{file}, line, StringView{panicMsg}, err);
 }
 
-void assertFailFuncRuntime(StringViewCR file, int line, StringViewCR assertTxt, StringViewCR msg) noexcept {
+void assertFailFuncRuntime(
+	StringViewCR file,
+	int const line,
+	StringViewCR assertTxt,
+	StringViewCR msg) noexcept {
 #ifdef OX_USE_STDLIB
-	auto output = sfmt("\n\033[31;1;1mASSERT FAILURE:\033[0m [{}:{}]: {}\n", file, line, msg);
-	output += genStackTrace(2);
-	oxTracef("assert", "Failed assert: {} ({}) [{}:{}]", msg, assertTxt, file, line);
-	std::abort();
+	auto const st = genStackTrace(2);
+	oxTracef("assert", "Failed assert: {} ({}) [{}:{}]:\n{}", msg, assertTxt, file, line, st);
+	abort();
 #else
 	oxErrf("\n\033[31;1;1mASSERT FAILURE:\033[0m [{}:{}]: {}\n", file, line, msg);
 	oxTracef("assert", "Failed assert: {} ({}) [{}:{}]", msg, assertTxt, file, line);
@@ -49,7 +53,12 @@ void assertFailFuncRuntime(StringViewCR file, int line, StringViewCR assertTxt,
 #endif
 }
 
-void assertFailFuncRuntime(StringViewCR file, int line, [[maybe_unused]] const Error &err, StringViewCR, StringViewCR assertMsg) noexcept {
+void assertFailFuncRuntime(
+	StringViewCR file,
+	int const line,
+	[[maybe_unused]] Error const&err,
+	StringViewCR,
+	StringViewCR assertMsg) noexcept {
 #if defined(OX_USE_STDLIB)
 	auto msg = sfmt("\n\033[31;1;1mASSERT FAILURE:\033[0m [{}:{}]: {}\n", file, line, assertMsg);
 	if (err.msg) {
@@ -62,7 +71,7 @@ void assertFailFuncRuntime(StringViewCR file, int line, [[maybe_unused]] const E
 	msg += genStackTrace(2);
 	oxErr(msg);
 	oxTracef("assert", "Failed assert: {} [{}:{}]", assertMsg, file, line);
-	std::abort();
+	abort();
 #else
 	constexprPanic(file, line, assertMsg);
 #endif
diff --git a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/assert.hpp b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/assert.hpp
index 7bce373..8573e6a 100644
--- a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/assert.hpp
+++ b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/assert.hpp
@@ -22,9 +22,15 @@
 
 namespace ox {
 
-void panic(StringViewCR file, int line, StringViewCR panicMsg, const Error &err = ox::Error(0)) noexcept;
+[[noreturn]]
+void panic(StringViewCR file, int line, StringViewCR panicMsg, Error const&err = {}) noexcept;
 
-constexpr void constexprPanic(StringViewCR file, int line, StringViewCR panicMsg, const Error &err = ox::Error(0)) noexcept {
+[[noreturn]]
+constexpr void constexprPanic(
+	StringViewCR file,
+	int const line,
+	StringViewCR panicMsg,
+	Error const&err = {}) noexcept {
 	if (!std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
 		panic(file, line, panicMsg, err);
 	} else {
@@ -32,10 +38,24 @@ constexpr void constexprPanic(StringViewCR file, int line, StringViewCR panicMsg
 	}
 }
 
-void assertFailFuncRuntime(StringViewCR file, int line, StringViewCR assertTxt, StringViewCR msg) noexcept;
-void assertFailFuncRuntime(StringViewCR file, int line, const Error &err, StringViewCR, StringViewCR assertMsg) noexcept;
+void assertFailFuncRuntime(
+	StringViewCR file,
+	int line,
+	StringViewCR assertTxt,
+	StringViewCR msg) noexcept;
+void assertFailFuncRuntime(
+	StringViewCR file,
+	int line,
+	Error const&err,
+	StringViewCR,
+	StringViewCR assertMsg) noexcept;
 
-constexpr void assertFunc(StringViewCR file, int line, bool pass, [[maybe_unused]]StringViewCR assertTxt, [[maybe_unused]]StringViewCR msg) noexcept {
+constexpr void assertFunc(
+	StringViewCR file,
+	int const line,
+	bool const pass,
+	[[maybe_unused]]StringViewCR assertTxt,
+	[[maybe_unused]]StringViewCR msg) noexcept {
 	if (!pass) {
 		if (!std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
 			assertFailFuncRuntime(file, line, assertTxt, msg);
@@ -45,7 +65,12 @@ constexpr void assertFunc(StringViewCR file, int line, bool pass, [[maybe_unused
 	}
 }
 
-constexpr void assertFunc(StringViewCR file, int line, const Error &err, StringViewCR, StringViewCR assertMsg) noexcept {
+constexpr void assertFunc(
+	StringViewCR file,
+	int const line,
+	Error const&err,
+	StringViewCR,
+	StringViewCR assertMsg) noexcept {
 	if (err) {
 		if (!std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
 			assertFailFuncRuntime(file, line, err, {}, assertMsg);
@@ -55,7 +80,11 @@ constexpr void assertFunc(StringViewCR file, int line, const Error &err, StringV
 	}
 }
 
-constexpr void expect(StringViewCR file, int line, const auto &actual, const auto &expected) noexcept {
+constexpr void expect(
+	StringViewCR file,
+	int const line,
+	auto const&actual,
+	auto const&expected) noexcept {
 	if (actual != expected) {
 		 if (!std::is_constant_evaluated()) {
 #if defined(OX_USE_STDLIB)
diff --git a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/error.hpp b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/error.hpp
index 5e6885c..8161e10 100644
--- a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/error.hpp
+++ b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/error.hpp
@@ -80,13 +80,13 @@ struct Exception: public std::exception {
 	ox::CString msg = nullptr;
 	ErrorCode errCode = 0;
 
-	explicit inline Exception(
+	explicit Exception(
 		ErrorCode const errCode,
 		std::source_location const&src = std::source_location::current()) noexcept:
 		src{src},
 		errCode{errCode} {}
 
-	explicit inline Exception(
+	explicit Exception(
 		ErrorCode const errCode,
 		ox::CString msg,
 		std::source_location const&src = std::source_location::current()) noexcept:
@@ -94,7 +94,7 @@ struct Exception: public std::exception {
 		msg{msg},
 		errCode{errCode} {}
 
-	explicit inline Exception(Error const&err) noexcept:
+	explicit Exception(Error const&err) noexcept:
 		src{err.src},
 		msg{err.msg ? err.msg : ""},
 		errCode{err.errCode} {}
@@ -109,6 +109,7 @@ struct Exception: public std::exception {
 	}
 };
 
+[[noreturn]]
 void panic(char const*file, int line, char const*panicMsg, Error const&err) noexcept;
 
 template<typename T>
diff --git a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/realstd.hpp b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/realstd.hpp
index 8ce8691..ec2cff3 100644
--- a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/realstd.hpp
+++ b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/realstd.hpp
@@ -12,4 +12,13 @@
 #include <cassert>
 #else
 #define	assert(e) while (!(e));
+#endif
+
+#if __has_include(<cstdlib>)
+#include <cstdlib>
+#else
+extern "C" {
+[[noreturn]]
+void abort();
+}
 #endif
\ No newline at end of file
diff --git a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/smallmap.hpp b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/smallmap.hpp
index 881730f..869bfb1 100644
--- a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/smallmap.hpp
+++ b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/smallmap.hpp
@@ -85,6 +85,11 @@ class SmallMap {
 			return m_pairs;
 		}
 
+		[[nodiscard]]
+		constexpr ox::Span<Pair> pairs() noexcept {
+			return m_pairs;
+		}
+
 		constexpr void clear();
 
 	private:
diff --git a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/span.hpp b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/span.hpp
index ddd978a..3114aa0 100644
--- a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/span.hpp
+++ b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/span.hpp
@@ -14,7 +14,7 @@
 #include "iterator.hpp"
 #include "vector.hpp"
 
-OX_CLANG_NOWARN_BEGIN(-Wunsafe-buffer-usage)
+OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_BEGIN
 
 namespace ox {
 
@@ -133,7 +133,7 @@ class Span {
 			return m_items[i];
 		}
 
-		constexpr const T &operator[](std::size_t i) const noexcept {
+		constexpr T const&operator[](std::size_t i) const noexcept {
 			ox::primitiveAssert(__FILE__, __LINE__, i < size(), "Span access overflow");
 			return m_items[i];
 		}
@@ -168,8 +168,20 @@ class Span {
 };
 
 template<typename T>
-using SpanView = Span<const T>;
+using SpanView = Span<T const>;
+
+template<typename T>
+constexpr void spancpy(ox::Span<T> const dst, ox::SpanView<T> const src) noexcept {
+	auto const sz = ox::min(dst.size(), src.size());
+	if (std::is_constant_evaluated() || std::is_trivially_copyable_v<T>) {
+		for (size_t i{}; i < sz; ++i) {
+			dst.data()[i] = src.data()[i];
+		}
+	} else {
+		memcpy(dst.data(), src.data(), sz * sizeof(T));
+	}
+}
 
 }
 
-OX_CLANG_NOWARN_END
+OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
diff --git a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/typetraits.hpp b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/typetraits.hpp
index 720ac05..f123ed0 100644
--- a/deps/ox/src/ox/std/typetraits.hpp
+++ b/deps/ox/src/ox/std/typetraits.hpp
@@ -19,12 +19,15 @@
 namespace std {
 
 template<typename T>
-constexpr bool is_union_v = __is_union(T);
+inline constexpr bool is_union_v = __is_union(T);
 
-constexpr bool is_constant_evaluated() noexcept {
+inline constexpr bool is_constant_evaluated() noexcept {
 	return __builtin_is_constant_evaluated();
 }
 
+template<typename T>
+inline constexpr bool is_trivially_copyable_v = __is_trivially_copyable(T);
+
 }
 
 #endif
@@ -156,6 +159,9 @@ static_assert(is_class<int>::value == false);
 template<typename T>
 constexpr bool is_class_v = is_class<T>();
 
+template<typename T>
+inline constexpr bool is_trivially_copyable_v = std::is_trivially_copyable_v<T>;
+
 template<typename T>
 constexpr bool is_signed_v = integral_constant<bool, T(-1) < T(0)>::value;
 
diff --git a/deps/teagba/src/cstartup.cpp b/deps/teagba/src/cstartup.cpp
index ea4a62c..e3845e0 100644
--- a/deps/teagba/src/cstartup.cpp
+++ b/deps/teagba/src/cstartup.cpp
@@ -4,17 +4,20 @@
 
 #include <ox/std/heapmgr.hpp>
 
+#include <teagba/bios.hpp>
+#include <teagba/registers.hpp>
+
 namespace mgba {
 void initConsole();
 }
 
-#define MEM_EWRAM_BEGIN reinterpret_cast<char*>(0x02000000)
-#define MEM_EWRAM_END   reinterpret_cast<char*>(0x0203FFFF)
+#define MEM_HEAP_BEGIN reinterpret_cast<char*>(0x02000000)
+#define MEM_HEAP_END   reinterpret_cast<char*>(0x0203FFFF)
 
-#define HEAP_BEGIN reinterpret_cast<char*>(MEM_EWRAM_BEGIN)
+#define HEAP_BEGIN reinterpret_cast<char*>(MEM_HEAP_BEGIN)
 // set size to half of EWRAM
-#define HEAP_SIZE ((MEM_EWRAM_END - MEM_EWRAM_BEGIN) / 2)
-#define HEAP_END  reinterpret_cast<char*>(MEM_EWRAM_BEGIN + HEAP_SIZE)
+#define HEAP_SIZE ((MEM_HEAP_END - MEM_HEAP_BEGIN) / 2)
+#define HEAP_END  reinterpret_cast<char*>(MEM_HEAP_BEGIN + HEAP_SIZE)
 
 extern void (*__preinit_array_start[]) (void);
 extern void (*__preinit_array_end[]) (void);
@@ -25,6 +28,14 @@ int main(int argc, const char **argv);
 
 extern "C" {
 
+void abort() {
+	REG_IE = 0;
+	teagba::intrwait(0, 0);
+	while (true);
+}
+
+void *__gxx_personality_v0{};
+
 void __libc_init_array() {
 	auto preInits = __preinit_array_end - __preinit_array_start;
 	for (decltype(preInits) i = 0; i < preInits; i++) {
diff --git a/developer-handbook.md b/developer-handbook.md
index 1ea62ca..b5168da 100644
--- a/developer-handbook.md
+++ b/developer-handbook.md
@@ -162,11 +162,9 @@ The Ox way of doing things is the Olympic way of doing things.
 
 ### Error Handling
 
-The GBA build has exceptions disabled.
-Instead of throwing exceptions, all engine code should return
-[ox::Errors](deps/ox/ox-docs.md#error-handling) for error reporting.
-For the sake of consistency, try to stick to ```ox::Error``` in non-engine code
-as well, but non-engine code is free to use exceptions when they make sense.
+Instead of throwing exceptions, generally try to use
+[ox::Errors](deps/ox/ox-docs.md#error-handling) for error reporting,
+but exceptions may be used where they make sense.
 
 Exceptions should generally just use ```OxException```, which is bascially an
 exception form of ```ox::Error```.
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/include/nostalgia/core/gfx.hpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/include/nostalgia/core/gfx.hpp
index c8c8ed7..e5f32be 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/include/nostalgia/core/gfx.hpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/include/nostalgia/core/gfx.hpp
@@ -142,6 +142,10 @@ ox::Error loadBgTileSheet(
 		unsigned cbb,
 		TileSheetSet const&set) noexcept;
 
+void clearCbb(Context &ctx, unsigned cbb) noexcept;
+
+void clearCbbs(Context &ctx) noexcept;
+
 ox::Error loadBgTileSheet(
 		Context &ctx,
 		unsigned cbb,
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/include/nostalgia/core/studio.hpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/include/nostalgia/core/studio.hpp
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..0e6ad2c
--- /dev/null
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/include/nostalgia/core/studio.hpp
@@ -0,0 +1,11 @@
+/*
+ * Copyright 2016 - 2025 Gary Talent (gary@drinkingtea.net). All rights reserved.
+ */
+
+#pragma once
+
+#include <studio/studio.hpp>
+
+namespace nostalgia::core {
+
+}
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/include/nostalgia/core/tilesheet.hpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/include/nostalgia/core/tilesheet.hpp
index 532de0d..6348903 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/include/nostalgia/core/tilesheet.hpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/include/nostalgia/core/tilesheet.hpp
@@ -18,6 +18,23 @@
 
 namespace nostalgia::core {
 
+struct SubSheetTemplate {
+	static constexpr auto TypeName = "net.drinkingtea.nostalgia.gfx.SubSheetTemplate";
+	static constexpr auto TypeVersion = 1;
+	ox::String name;
+	int32_t width{};
+	int32_t height{};
+	ox::Vector<SubSheetTemplate> subsheets;
+};
+
+OX_MODEL_BEGIN(SubSheetTemplate)
+	OX_MODEL_FIELD(name)
+	OX_MODEL_FIELD(width)
+	OX_MODEL_FIELD(height)
+	OX_MODEL_FIELD(subsheets)
+OX_MODEL_END()
+
+
 // Predecessor to TileSheet, kept for backward compatibility
 struct TileSheetV1 {
 	static constexpr auto TypeName = "net.drinkingtea.nostalgia.core.NostalgiaGraphic";
@@ -237,10 +254,12 @@ struct TileSheetV4 {
 [[nodiscard]]
 constexpr bool valid(TileSheetV4::SubSheet const&ss, int bpp) noexcept {
 	auto const bytes = static_cast<size_t>(ss.columns * ss.rows * PixelsPerTile) / (bpp == 4 ? 2 : 1);
-	return ox::all_of(ss.subsheets.begin(), ss.subsheets.end(),
-			[bpp, bytes](TileSheetV4::SubSheet const&s) {
-		return bytes == s.pixels.size() && valid(s, bpp);
-	});
+	return
+		(ss.pixels.empty() || ss.subsheets.empty()) &&
+		ox::all_of(ss.subsheets.begin(), ss.subsheets.end(),
+				[bpp, bytes](TileSheetV4::SubSheet const&s) {
+			return bytes == s.pixels.size() && valid(s, bpp);
+		});
 }
 
 [[nodiscard]]
@@ -249,8 +268,14 @@ constexpr bool valid(TileSheetV4 const&ts) noexcept {
 }
 
 constexpr void repair(TileSheetV4::SubSheet &ss, int bpp) noexcept {
-	auto const bytes = static_cast<size_t>(ss.columns * ss.rows * PixelsPerTile) / (bpp == 4 ? 2 : 1);
-	ss.pixels.resize(bytes);
+	if (ss.subsheets.empty()) {
+		auto const bytes = static_cast<size_t>(ss.columns * ss.rows * PixelsPerTile) / (bpp == 4 ? 2 : 1);
+		ss.pixels.resize(bytes);
+	} else {
+		ss.pixels.clear();
+		ss.columns = -1;
+		ss.rows = -1;
+	}
 	for (auto &s : ss.subsheets) {
 		repair(s, bpp);
 	}
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/gba/gfx.cpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/gba/gfx.cpp
index 59e2528..eac447b 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/gba/gfx.cpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/gba/gfx.cpp
@@ -63,6 +63,19 @@ ox::Error loadSpritePalette(
 	return {};
 }
 
+void clearCbb(Context&, unsigned const cbb) noexcept {
+	for (auto &v : MEM_BG_TILES[cbb]) {
+		v = 0;
+	}
+}
+
+void clearCbbs(Context &ctx) noexcept {
+	clearCbb(ctx, 0);
+	clearCbb(ctx, 1);
+	clearCbb(ctx, 2);
+	clearCbb(ctx, 3);
+}
+
 static ox::Error loadTileSheetSet(
 		Context &ctx,
 		ox::Span<uint16_t> tileMapTargetMem,
@@ -99,10 +112,10 @@ ox::Error loadBgTileSheet(
 		size_t const tileCnt) noexcept {
 	size_t const bppMod = ts.bpp == 4;
 	size_t const bytesPerTile = PixelsPerTile >> bppMod;
-	auto const pixCnt = tileCnt * bytesPerTile;
+	auto const cnt = (tileCnt * bytesPerTile) / 2;
 	auto const srcPxIdx = srcTileIdx * bytesPerTile;
 	auto const dstPxIdx = (dstTileIdx * bytesPerTile) / 2;
-	for (size_t i = 0; i < pixCnt; ++i) {
+	for (size_t i = 0; i < cnt; ++i) {
 		auto const srcIdx = srcPxIdx + i * 2;
 		auto const p1 = static_cast<uint16_t>(ts.pixels[srcIdx]);
 		auto const p2 = static_cast<uint16_t>(ts.pixels[srcIdx + 1]);
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/gba/panic.cpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/gba/panic.cpp
index a009318..1014a4a 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/gba/panic.cpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/gba/panic.cpp
@@ -4,6 +4,7 @@
 
 
 #include <ox/std/def.hpp>
+#include <ox/std/realstd.hpp>
 
 #include <keel/media.hpp>
 #include <turbine/turbine.hpp>
@@ -51,9 +52,7 @@ OX_ALLOW_UNSAFE_BUFFERS_END
 	if (err.src.file_name() != nullptr) {
 		oxErrf("\tError Location:\t{}:{}\n", err.src.file_name(), err.src.line());
 	}
-	// disable all interrupt handling and IntrWait on no interrupts
-	REG_IE = 0;
-	teagba::intrwait(0, 0);
+	abort();
 }
 
 }
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/keel/keelmodule.cpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/keel/keelmodule.cpp
index 8f788d6..e56d90d 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/keel/keelmodule.cpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/keel/keelmodule.cpp
@@ -67,7 +67,7 @@ static class: public keel::Module {
 		ox::Vector<keel::PackTransform> packTransforms() const noexcept final {
 			return {
 				// convert tilesheets to CompactTileSheets
-				[](keel::Context &ctx, ox::Buffer &buff, ox::StringView typeId) -> ox::Result<bool> {
+				[](keel::Context &ctx, ox::Buffer &buff, ox::StringViewCR typeId) -> ox::Result<bool> {
 					if (typeId == ox::ModelTypeId_v<TileSheetV1> ||
 					    typeId == ox::ModelTypeId_v<TileSheetV2> ||
 					    typeId == ox::ModelTypeId_v<TileSheetV3> ||
@@ -78,7 +78,7 @@ static class: public keel::Module {
 					}
 					return false;
 				},
-				[](keel::Context &ctx, ox::Buffer &buff, ox::StringView typeId) -> ox::Result<bool> {
+				[](keel::Context &ctx, ox::Buffer &buff, ox::StringViewCR typeId) -> ox::Result<bool> {
 					if (typeId == ox::ModelTypeId_v<NostalgiaPalette> ||
 					    typeId == ox::ModelTypeId_v<PaletteV1> ||
 					    typeId == ox::ModelTypeId_v<PaletteV2> ||
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/opengl/gfx.cpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/opengl/gfx.cpp
index 41a1413..0357237 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/opengl/gfx.cpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/opengl/gfx.cpp
@@ -111,15 +111,15 @@ static constexpr auto bgVertexRow(uint_t x, uint_t y) noexcept {
 }
 
 static void setSpriteBufferObject(
-		uint_t vi,
-		float enabled,
+		uint_t const vi,
+		float const enabled,
 		float x,
 		float y,
-		uint_t textureRow,
-		uint_t flipX,
-		uint_t priority,
-		float *vbo,
-		GLuint *ebo) noexcept {
+		uint_t const textureRow,
+		uint_t const flipX,
+		uint_t const priority,
+		ox::Span<float> const vbo,
+		ox::Span<GLuint> const ebo) noexcept {
 	// don't worry, this memcpy gets optimized to something much more ideal
 	constexpr float xmod = 0.1f;
 	constexpr float ymod = 0.1f;
@@ -138,25 +138,25 @@ static void setSpriteBufferObject(
 	    enabled, x + xmod, y + ymod, prif, R, textureRowf + 0, // top right
 	    enabled,        x, y + ymod, prif, L, textureRowf + 0, // top left
 	};
-	memcpy(vbo, vertices.data(), sizeof(vertices));
+	ox::spancpy<float>(vbo, vertices);
 	ox::Array<GLuint, SpriteVertexEboLength> const elms {
-			vi + 0, vi + 1, vi + 2,
-			vi + 2, vi + 3, vi + 0,
+		vi + 0, vi + 1, vi + 2,
+		vi + 2, vi + 3, vi + 0,
 	};
-	memcpy(ebo, elms.data(), sizeof(elms));
+	ox::spancpy<GLuint>(ebo, elms);
 }
 
 static void setTileBufferObject(
-		uint_t vi,
+		uint_t const vi,
 		float x,
 		float y,
-		float textureTileIdx,
-		float priority,
-		float palOffset,
-		bool flipX,
-		bool flipY,
-		float *vbo,
-		GLuint *ebo) noexcept {
+		float const textureTileIdx,
+		float const priority,
+		float const palOffset,
+		bool const flipX,
+		bool const flipY,
+		ox::Span<float> const vbo,
+		ox::Span<GLuint> const ebo) noexcept {
 	// don't worry, this memcpy gets optimized to something much more ideal
 	constexpr float ymod = 0.1f;
 	constexpr float xmod = 0.1f;
@@ -170,24 +170,35 @@ static void setTileBufferObject(
 	float const T = flipY ? 1 : 0;
 	float const B = flipY ? 0 : 1;
 	ox::Array<float, BgVertexVboLength> const vertices {
-			       x,        y, prif, L, B, textureTileIdx, palOffset, // bottom left
-			x + xmod,        y, prif, R, B, textureTileIdx, palOffset, // bottom right
-			x + xmod, y + ymod, prif, R, T, textureTileIdx, palOffset, // top right
-			       x, y + ymod, prif, L, T, textureTileIdx, palOffset, // top left
+		       x,        y, prif, L, B, textureTileIdx, palOffset, // bottom left
+		x + xmod,        y, prif, R, B, textureTileIdx, palOffset, // bottom right
+		x + xmod, y + ymod, prif, R, T, textureTileIdx, palOffset, // top right
+		       x, y + ymod, prif, L, T, textureTileIdx, palOffset, // top left
 	};
-	memcpy(vbo, vertices.data(), sizeof(vertices));
+	ox::spancpy<float>(vbo, vertices);
 	ox::Array<GLuint, BgVertexEboLength> const elms {
-			vi + 0, vi + 1, vi + 2,
-			vi + 2, vi + 3, vi + 0,
+		vi + 0, vi + 1, vi + 2,
+		vi + 2, vi + 3, vi + 0,
 	};
-	memcpy(ebo, elms.data(), sizeof(elms));
+	ox::spancpy<GLuint>(ebo, elms);
 }
 
 static void initSpriteBufferObjects(Context &ctx, glutils::BufferSet &bs) noexcept {
 	for (auto i = 0u; i < ctx.spriteCount; ++i) {
-		auto vbo = &bs.vertices[i * static_cast<std::size_t>(SpriteVertexVboLength)];
-		auto ebo = &bs.elements[i * static_cast<std::size_t>(SpriteVertexEboLength)];
-		setSpriteBufferObject(i * static_cast<uint_t>(SpriteVertexVboRows) * ctx.blocksPerSprite, 0, 0, 0, 0, false, 0, vbo, ebo);
+		auto const vbo = ox::Span{bs.vertices}
+			+ i * static_cast<std::size_t>(SpriteVertexVboLength);
+		auto const ebo = ox::Span{bs.elements}
+			+ i * static_cast<std::size_t>(SpriteVertexEboLength);
+		setSpriteBufferObject(
+			i * static_cast<uint_t>(SpriteVertexVboRows) * ctx.blocksPerSprite,
+			0,
+			0,
+			0,
+			0,
+			false,
+			0,
+			vbo,
+			ebo);
 	}
 }
 
@@ -195,8 +206,10 @@ static void initBackgroundBufferObjects(glutils::BufferSet &bs) noexcept {
 	for (auto x = 0u; x < TileColumns; ++x) {
 		for (auto y = 0u; y < TileRows; ++y) {
 			const auto i = bgVertexRow(x, y);
-			auto vbo = &bs.vertices[i * static_cast<std::size_t>(BgVertexVboLength)];
-			auto ebo = &bs.elements[i * static_cast<std::size_t>(BgVertexEboLength)];
+			auto const vbo = ox::Span{bs.vertices}
+				+ i * static_cast<std::size_t>(BgVertexVboLength);
+			auto const ebo = ox::Span{bs.elements}
+				+ i * static_cast<std::size_t>(BgVertexEboLength);
 			setTileBufferObject(
 				static_cast<uint_t>(i * BgVertexVboRows),
 				static_cast<float>(x),
@@ -421,8 +434,8 @@ static void setSprite(
 		auto const eboIdx = eboBase + renderer::SpriteVertexEboLength * i;
 		oxAssert(vboIdx < ctx.spriteBlocks.vertices.size(), "vbo overflow");
 		oxAssert(eboIdx < ctx.spriteBlocks.elements.size(), "ebo overflow");
-		auto const vbo = &ctx.spriteBlocks.vertices[vboIdx];
-		auto const ebo = &ctx.spriteBlocks.elements[eboIdx];
+		auto const vbo = ox::Span{ctx.spriteBlocks.vertices} + vboIdx;
+		auto const ebo = ox::Span{ctx.spriteBlocks.elements} + eboIdx;
 		renderer::setSpriteBufferObject(
 				static_cast<uint_t>(vboIdx),
 				enabled,
@@ -556,7 +569,7 @@ static void copyPixels(
 		CompactTileSheet const&ts,
 		ox::Span<uint32_t> dst,
 		size_t const srcPxIdx,
-		size_t pxlCnt) noexcept {
+		size_t const pxlCnt) noexcept {
 	size_t idx{};
 	if (ts.bpp == 4) {
 		for (size_t i = 0; i < pxlCnt; i += 2) {
@@ -573,6 +586,18 @@ static void copyPixels(
 	}
 }
 
+void clearCbb(Context &ctx, unsigned const cbb) noexcept {
+	for (auto &v : ctx.cbbs[cbb].pixels) {
+		v = 0;
+	}
+}
+
+void clearCbbs(Context &ctx) noexcept {
+	for (unsigned i = 0 ; i < ctx.cbbs.size(); ++i) {
+		clearCbb(ctx, i);
+	}
+}
+
 ox::Error loadBgTileSheet(
 		Context &ctx,
 		unsigned const cbb,
@@ -656,8 +681,8 @@ void setBgTile(
 	const auto x = static_cast<uint_t>(column);
 	const auto i = renderer::bgVertexRow(x, y);
 	auto &cbb = ctx.cbbs[z];
-	const auto vbo = &cbb.vertices[i * renderer::BgVertexVboLength];
-	const auto ebo = &cbb.elements[i * renderer::BgVertexEboLength];
+	const auto vbo = ox::Span{cbb.vertices} + i * renderer::BgVertexVboLength;
+	const auto ebo = ox::Span{cbb.elements} + i * renderer::BgVertexEboLength;
 	auto &bg = ctx.backgrounds[bgIdx];
 	renderer::setTileBufferObject(
 			static_cast<uint_t>(i * renderer::BgVertexVboRows),
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/CMakeLists.txt b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/CMakeLists.txt
index df7bfad..8c5e958 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -3,7 +3,6 @@ add_library(NostalgiaCore-Studio)
 add_library(
 	NostalgiaCore-Studio-ImGui
 		studiomodule.cpp
-		tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditor-imgui.cpp
 )
 
 target_link_libraries(
@@ -15,7 +14,6 @@ target_link_libraries(
 target_link_libraries(
 	NostalgiaCore-Studio-ImGui PUBLIC
 		NostalgiaCore-Studio
-		Studio
 )
 
 install(
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/paletteeditor/CMakeLists.txt b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/paletteeditor/CMakeLists.txt
index 862d43f..245c5e9 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/paletteeditor/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/paletteeditor/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -9,5 +9,9 @@ target_sources(
 		commands/renamepagecommand.cpp
 		commands/updatecolorcommand.cpp
 		commands/updatecolorinfocommand.cpp
+)
+
+target_sources(
+	NostalgiaCore-Studio-ImGui PRIVATE
 		paletteeditor-imgui.cpp
 )
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/CMakeLists.txt b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/CMakeLists.txt
index bc92afd..01d3e67 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/CMakeLists.txt
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/CMakeLists.txt
@@ -6,6 +6,11 @@ target_sources(
 		tilesheetpixels.cpp
 )
 
+target_sources(
+	NostalgiaCore-Studio-ImGui PRIVATE
+		tilesheeteditor-imgui.cpp
+)
+
 target_link_libraries(
 	NostalgiaCore-Studio-ImGui PUBLIC
 		lodepng
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/commands/inserttilescommand.cpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/commands/inserttilescommand.cpp
index 3a98643..9651fee 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/commands/inserttilescommand.cpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/commands/inserttilescommand.cpp
@@ -6,7 +6,7 @@
 
 namespace nostalgia::core {
 
-core::InsertTilesCommand::InsertTilesCommand(
+InsertTilesCommand::InsertTilesCommand(
 		TileSheet &img,
 		TileSheet::SubSheetIdx idx,
 		std::size_t tileIdx,
@@ -31,9 +31,11 @@ ox::Error InsertTilesCommand::redo() noexcept {
 	auto &s = getSubSheet(m_img, m_idx);
 	auto &p = s.pixels;
 	auto dstPos = m_insertPos + m_insertCnt;
-	auto const dst = &p[dstPos];
 	auto const src = &p[m_insertPos];
-	ox::memmove(dst, src, p.size() - dstPos);
+	if (dstPos < p.size()) {
+		auto const dst = &p[dstPos];
+		ox::memmove(dst, src, p.size() - dstPos);
+	}
 	ox::memset(src, 0, m_insertCnt * sizeof(decltype(p[0])));
 	return {};
 }
@@ -41,12 +43,14 @@ ox::Error InsertTilesCommand::redo() noexcept {
 ox::Error InsertTilesCommand::undo() noexcept {
 	auto &s = getSubSheet(m_img, m_idx);
 	auto &p = s.pixels;
-	auto const srcIdx = m_insertPos + m_insertCnt;
-	auto const src = &p[srcIdx];
 	auto const dst1 = &p[m_insertPos];
 	auto const dst2 = &p[p.size() - m_insertCnt];
-	auto const sz = p.size() - srcIdx;
-	ox::memmove(dst1, src, sz);
+	auto const srcIdx = m_insertPos + m_insertCnt;
+	if (srcIdx < p.size()) {
+		auto const sz = p.size() - srcIdx;
+		auto const src = &p[srcIdx];
+		ox::memmove(dst1, src, sz);
+	}
 	ox::memcpy(dst2, m_deletedPixels.data(), m_deletedPixels.size());
 	return {};
 }
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/commands/updatesubsheetcommand.cpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/commands/updatesubsheetcommand.cpp
index f5e3806..f15a360 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/commands/updatesubsheetcommand.cpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/commands/updatesubsheetcommand.cpp
@@ -9,27 +9,24 @@ namespace nostalgia::core {
 core::UpdateSubSheetCommand::UpdateSubSheetCommand(
 		TileSheet &img,
 		TileSheet::SubSheetIdx idx,
-		ox::String name,
-		int cols,
-		int rows) noexcept:
-		m_img(img),
-		m_idx(std::move(idx)),
-		m_sheet(getSubSheet(m_img, m_idx)),
-		m_newName(std::move(name)),
-		m_newCols(cols),
-		m_newRows(rows) {
+		ox::StringParam name,
+		int const cols,
+		int const rows):
+		m_img{img},
+		m_idx{std::move(idx)},
+		m_sheet{getSubSheet(m_img, m_idx)} {
+	m_sheet = getSubSheet(m_img, m_idx);
+	m_sheet.name = std::move(name);
+	OX_THROW_ERROR(resizeSubsheet(m_sheet, m_img.bpp, {cols, rows}));
 }
 
 ox::Error UpdateSubSheetCommand::redo() noexcept {
-	auto &sheet = getSubSheet(m_img, m_idx);
-	sheet.name = m_newName;
-	oxLogError(resizeSubsheet(sheet, m_img.bpp, {m_newCols, m_newRows}));
+	std::swap(m_sheet, getSubSheet(m_img, m_idx));
 	return {};
 }
 
 ox::Error UpdateSubSheetCommand::undo() noexcept {
-	auto &sheet = getSubSheet(m_img, m_idx);
-	sheet = m_sheet;
+	std::swap(m_sheet, getSubSheet(m_img, m_idx));
 	return {};
 }
 
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/commands/updatesubsheetcommand.hpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/commands/updatesubsheetcommand.hpp
index 7bdb617..9a90fee 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/commands/updatesubsheetcommand.hpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/commands/updatesubsheetcommand.hpp
@@ -13,17 +13,14 @@ class UpdateSubSheetCommand: public TileSheetCommand {
 		TileSheet &m_img;
 		TileSheet::SubSheetIdx m_idx;
 		TileSheet::SubSheet m_sheet;
-		ox::String m_newName;
-		int m_newCols = 0;
-		int m_newRows = 0;
 
 	public:
 		UpdateSubSheetCommand(
 				TileSheet &img,
 				TileSheet::SubSheetIdx idx,
-				ox::String name,
+				ox::StringParam name,
 				int cols,
-				int rows) noexcept;
+				int rows);
 
 		ox::Error redo() noexcept final;
 
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditor-imgui.cpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditor-imgui.cpp
index ad047ab..ccce34e 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditor-imgui.cpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditor-imgui.cpp
@@ -188,7 +188,7 @@ void TileSheetEditorImGui::draw(studio::StudioContext&) noexcept {
 		if (ImGui::IsKeyDown(ImGuiKey_ModCtrl)) {
 			if (ImGui::IsKeyPressed(ImGuiKey_A)) {
 				auto const&img = m_model.activeSubSheet();
-				m_model.setSelection({{}, {img.columns * TileWidth, img.rows * TileHeight}});
+				m_model.setSelection({{}, {img.columns * TileWidth - 1, img.rows * TileHeight - 1}});
 			} else if (ImGui::IsKeyPressed(ImGuiKey_G)) {
 				m_model.clearSelection();
 			}
@@ -544,7 +544,7 @@ void TileSheetEditorImGui::SubSheetEditor::draw(turbine::Context &tctx) noexcept
 	auto const popupHeight = modSize ? 130.f : 85.f;
 	auto const popupSz = ImVec2{popupWidth, popupHeight};
 	if (ig::BeginPopup(tctx, popupName, m_show, popupSz)) {
-		ImGui::InputText("Name", m_name.data(), m_name.cap());
+		ig::InputText("Name", m_name);
 		if (modSize) {
 			ImGui::InputInt("Columns", &m_cols);
 			ImGui::InputInt("Rows", &m_rows);
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditormodel.cpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditormodel.cpp
index b3acb13..c31620f 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditormodel.cpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditormodel.cpp
@@ -26,11 +26,6 @@
 
 namespace nostalgia::core {
 
-Palette const TileSheetEditorModel::s_defaultPalette = {
-	.colorNames = {ox::Vector<ox::String>{{}}},
-	.pages = {{"Page 1", ox::Vector<Color16>(128)}},
-};
-
 // delete pixels of all non-leaf nodes
 static void normalizeSubsheets(TileSheet::SubSheet &ss) noexcept {
 	if (ss.subsheets.empty()) {
@@ -42,7 +37,14 @@ static void normalizeSubsheets(TileSheet::SubSheet &ss) noexcept {
 	}
 }
 
-TileSheetEditorModel::TileSheetEditorModel(studio::StudioContext &sctx, ox::StringView path, studio::UndoStack &undoStack):
+
+Palette const TileSheetEditorModel::s_defaultPalette = {
+	.colorNames = {ox::Vector<ox::String>{{}}},
+	.pages = {{"Page 1", ox::Vector<Color16>(128)}},
+};
+
+TileSheetEditorModel::TileSheetEditorModel(
+		studio::StudioContext &sctx, ox::StringViewCR path, studio::UndoStack &undoStack):
 	m_sctx(sctx),
 	m_tctx(m_sctx.tctx),
 	m_path(path),
@@ -62,7 +64,7 @@ void TileSheetEditorModel::cut() {
 	TileSheetClipboard blankCb;
 	auto cb = ox::make_unique<TileSheetClipboard>();
 	auto const&s = activeSubSheet();
-	iterateSelectionRows(*m_selection, [&](int x, int y) {
+	iterateSelectionRows(*m_selection, [&](int const x, int const y) {
 		auto pt = ox::Point{x, y};
 		auto const idx = core::idx(s, pt);
 		auto const c = getPixel(s, m_img.bpp, idx);
@@ -73,7 +75,8 @@ void TileSheetEditorModel::cut() {
 	auto const pt1 = m_selection->a;
 	auto const pt2 = ox::Point{s.columns * TileWidth, s.rows * TileHeight};
 	turbine::setClipboardObject(m_tctx, std::move(cb));
-	pushCommand(ox::make<CutPasteCommand>(CommandId::Cut, m_img, m_activeSubsSheetIdx, pt1, pt2, blankCb));
+	pushCommand(ox::make<CutPasteCommand>(
+		CommandId::Cut, m_img, m_activeSubsSheetIdx, pt1, pt2, blankCb));
 }
 
 void TileSheetEditorModel::copy() {
@@ -81,7 +84,7 @@ void TileSheetEditorModel::copy() {
 		return;
 	}
 	auto cb = ox::make_unique<TileSheetClipboard>();
-	iterateSelectionRows(*m_selection, [&](int x, int y) {
+	iterateSelectionRows(*m_selection, [&](int const x, int const y) {
 		auto pt = ox::Point{x, y};
 		const auto&s = activeSubSheet();
 		const auto idx = core::idx(s, pt);
@@ -105,7 +108,8 @@ void TileSheetEditorModel::paste() {
 	auto const&s = activeSubSheet();
 	auto const pt1 = m_selection->a;
 	auto const pt2 = ox::Point{s.columns * TileWidth, s.rows * TileHeight};
-	pushCommand(ox::make<CutPasteCommand>(CommandId::Paste, m_img, m_activeSubsSheetIdx, pt1, pt2, *cb));
+	pushCommand(ox::make<CutPasteCommand>(
+		CommandId::Paste, m_img, m_activeSubsSheetIdx, pt1, pt2, *cb));
 }
 
 bool TileSheetEditorModel::acceptsClipboardPayload() const noexcept {
@@ -120,8 +124,8 @@ ox::StringView TileSheetEditorModel::palPath() const noexcept {
 	}
 	constexpr ox::StringView uuidPrefix = "uuid://";
 	if (ox::beginsWith(path, uuidPrefix)) {
-		auto uuid = ox::StringView(&path[uuidPrefix.bytes()], path.bytes() - uuidPrefix.bytes());
-		auto out = keelCtx(m_tctx).uuidToPath.at(uuid);
+		auto const uuid = ox::StringView(&path[uuidPrefix.bytes()], path.bytes() - uuidPrefix.bytes());
+		auto const out = keelCtx(m_tctx).uuidToPath.at(uuid);
 		if (out.error) {
 			return {};
 		}
@@ -131,13 +135,14 @@ ox::StringView TileSheetEditorModel::palPath() const noexcept {
 	}
 }
 
-ox::Error TileSheetEditorModel::setPalette(ox::StringView path) noexcept {
+ox::Error TileSheetEditorModel::setPalette(ox::StringViewCR path) noexcept {
 	OX_REQUIRE(uuid, keelCtx(m_tctx).pathToUuid.at(path));
-	pushCommand(ox::make<PaletteChangeCommand>(activeSubSheetIdx(), m_img, uuid->toString()));
+	pushCommand(ox::make<PaletteChangeCommand>(
+		activeSubSheetIdx(), m_img, uuid->toString()));
 	return {};
 }
 
-void TileSheetEditorModel::setPalettePage(size_t pg) noexcept {
+void TileSheetEditorModel::setPalettePage(size_t const pg) noexcept {
 	m_palettePage = ox::clamp<size_t>(pg, 0, m_pal->pages.size() - 1);
 	m_updated = true;
 }
@@ -146,7 +151,7 @@ size_t TileSheetEditorModel::palettePage() const noexcept {
 	return m_palettePage;
 }
 
-void TileSheetEditorModel::drawCommand(ox::Point const&pt, std::size_t palIdx) noexcept {
+void TileSheetEditorModel::drawCommand(ox::Point const&pt, std::size_t const palIdx) noexcept {
 	const auto &activeSubSheet = getSubSheet(m_img, m_activeSubsSheetIdx);
 	if (pt.x >= activeSubSheet.columns * TileWidth || pt.y >= activeSubSheet.rows * TileHeight) {
 		return;
@@ -155,7 +160,8 @@ void TileSheetEditorModel::drawCommand(ox::Point const&pt, std::size_t palIdx) n
 	if (m_ongoingDrawCommand) {
 		m_updated = m_updated || m_ongoingDrawCommand->append(idx);
 	} else if (getPixel(activeSubSheet, m_img.bpp, idx) != palIdx) {
-		pushCommand(ox::make<DrawCommand>(m_img, m_activeSubsSheetIdx, idx, static_cast<int>(palIdx)));
+		pushCommand(ox::make<DrawCommand>(
+			m_img, m_activeSubsSheetIdx, idx, static_cast<int>(palIdx)));
 	}
 }
 
@@ -171,16 +177,20 @@ void TileSheetEditorModel::rmSubsheet(TileSheet::SubSheetIdx const&idx) noexcept
 	pushCommand(ox::make<RmSubSheetCommand>(m_img, idx));
 }
 
-void TileSheetEditorModel::insertTiles(TileSheet::SubSheetIdx const&idx, std::size_t tileIdx, std::size_t tileCnt) noexcept {
+void TileSheetEditorModel::insertTiles(
+	TileSheet::SubSheetIdx const&idx, std::size_t const tileIdx, std::size_t const tileCnt) noexcept {
 	pushCommand(ox::make<InsertTilesCommand>(m_img, idx, tileIdx, tileCnt));
 }
 
-void TileSheetEditorModel::deleteTiles(TileSheet::SubSheetIdx const&idx, std::size_t tileIdx, std::size_t tileCnt) noexcept {
+void TileSheetEditorModel::deleteTiles(
+	TileSheet::SubSheetIdx const&idx, std::size_t const tileIdx, std::size_t const tileCnt) noexcept {
 	pushCommand(ox::make<DeleteTilesCommand>(m_img, idx, tileIdx, tileCnt));
 }
 
-ox::Error TileSheetEditorModel::updateSubsheet(TileSheet::SubSheetIdx const&idx, ox::StringView const&name, int cols, int rows) noexcept {
-	pushCommand(ox::make<UpdateSubSheetCommand>(m_img, idx, ox::String(name), cols, rows));
+ox::Error TileSheetEditorModel::updateSubsheet(
+	TileSheet::SubSheetIdx const&idx, ox::StringViewCR name, int const cols, int const rows) noexcept {
+	OX_REQUIRE(cmd, ox::makeCatch<UpdateSubSheetCommand>(m_img, idx, name, cols, rows));
+	pushCommand(cmd);
 	return {};
 }
 
@@ -189,7 +199,7 @@ void TileSheetEditorModel::setActiveSubsheet(TileSheet::SubSheetIdx const&idx) n
 	this->activeSubsheetChanged.emit(m_activeSubsSheetIdx);
 }
 
-void TileSheetEditorModel::fill(ox::Point const&pt, int palIdx) noexcept {
+void TileSheetEditorModel::fill(ox::Point const&pt, int const palIdx) noexcept {
 	auto const&activeSubSheet = getSubSheet(m_img, m_activeSubsSheetIdx);
 	// build idx list
 	if (pt.x >= activeSubSheet.columns * TileWidth || pt.y >= activeSubSheet.rows * TileHeight) {
@@ -197,10 +207,10 @@ void TileSheetEditorModel::fill(ox::Point const&pt, int palIdx) noexcept {
 	}
 	ox::Array<bool, PixelsPerTile> updateMap = {};
 	auto const oldColor = getPixel(activeSubSheet, m_img.bpp, pt);
-	getFillPixels(updateMap, pt, oldColor);
+	getFillPixels(activeSubSheet, updateMap, pt, oldColor);
 	ox::Vector<std::size_t> idxList;
 	auto i = core::idx(activeSubSheet, pt) / PixelsPerTile * PixelsPerTile;
-	for (auto u : updateMap) {
+	for (auto const u : updateMap) {
 		if (u) {
 			idxList.emplace_back(i);
 		}
@@ -230,7 +240,7 @@ void TileSheetEditorModel::completeSelection() noexcept {
 		m_selTracker.finishSelection();
 		m_selection.emplace(m_selTracker.selection());
 		auto&pt = m_selection->b;
-		auto&s = activeSubSheet();
+		auto const&s = activeSubSheet();
 		pt.x = ox::min(s.columns * TileWidth - 1, pt.x);
 		pt.y = ox::min(s.rows * TileHeight - 1, pt.y);
 	}
@@ -275,47 +285,44 @@ ox::Error TileSheetEditorModel::saveFile() noexcept {
 	return m_sctx.project->writeObj(m_path, m_img, ox::ClawFormat::Metal);
 }
 
-bool TileSheetEditorModel::pixelSelected(std::size_t idx) const noexcept {
+bool TileSheetEditorModel::pixelSelected(std::size_t const idx) const noexcept {
 	auto const&s = activeSubSheet();
 	auto const pt = idxToPt(static_cast<int>(idx), s.columns);
 	return m_selection && m_selection->contains(pt);
 }
 
-void TileSheetEditorModel::getFillPixels(ox::Span<bool> pixels, ox::Point const&pt, int oldColor) const noexcept {
-	const auto &activeSubSheet = this->activeSubSheet();
-	const auto tileIdx = [activeSubSheet](const ox::Point &pt) noexcept {
-		return ptToIdx(pt, activeSubSheet.columns) / PixelsPerTile;
-	};
-	// get points
-	const auto leftPt = pt + ox::Point(-1, 0);
-	const auto rightPt = pt + ox::Point(1, 0);
-	const auto topPt = pt + ox::Point(0, -1);
-	const auto bottomPt = pt + ox::Point(0, 1);
-	// calculate indices
-	const auto idx = ptToIdx(pt, activeSubSheet.columns);
-	const auto leftIdx = ptToIdx(leftPt, activeSubSheet.columns);
-	const auto rightIdx = ptToIdx(rightPt, activeSubSheet.columns);
-	const auto topIdx = ptToIdx(topPt, activeSubSheet.columns);
-	const auto bottomIdx = ptToIdx(bottomPt, activeSubSheet.columns);
-	const auto tile = tileIdx(pt);
+void TileSheetEditorModel::getFillPixels(
+		TileSheet::SubSheet const&activeSubSheet,
+		ox::Span<bool> pixels,
+		ox::Point const&pt,
+		int const oldColor) const noexcept {
+	auto const idx = ptToIdx(pt, activeSubSheet.columns);
+	auto const relIdx = idx % PixelsPerTile;
+	if (pixels[relIdx] || getPixel(activeSubSheet, m_img.bpp, idx) != oldColor) {
+		return;
+	}
 	// mark pixels to update
-	pixels[idx % PixelsPerTile] = true;
-	if (!pixels[leftIdx % PixelsPerTile] && tile == tileIdx(leftPt) && getPixel(activeSubSheet, m_img.bpp, leftIdx) == oldColor) {
-		getFillPixels(pixels, leftPt, oldColor);
+	pixels[relIdx] = true;
+	if (pt.x % TileWidth != 0) {
+		auto const leftPt = pt + ox::Point{-1, 0};
+		getFillPixels(activeSubSheet, pixels, leftPt, oldColor);
 	}
-	if (!pixels[rightIdx % PixelsPerTile] && tile == tileIdx(rightPt) && getPixel(activeSubSheet, m_img.bpp, rightIdx) == oldColor) {
-		getFillPixels(pixels, rightPt, oldColor);
+	if (pt.x % TileWidth != TileWidth - 1) {
+		auto const rightPt = pt + ox::Point{1, 0};
+		getFillPixels(activeSubSheet, pixels, rightPt, oldColor);
 	}
-	if (!pixels[topIdx % PixelsPerTile] && tile == tileIdx(topPt) && getPixel(activeSubSheet, m_img.bpp, topIdx) == oldColor) {
-		getFillPixels(pixels, topPt, oldColor);
+	if (pt.y % TileHeight != 0) {
+		auto const topPt = pt + ox::Point{0, -1};
+		getFillPixels(activeSubSheet, pixels, topPt, oldColor);
 	}
-	if (!pixels[bottomIdx % PixelsPerTile] && tile == tileIdx(bottomPt) && getPixel(activeSubSheet, m_img.bpp, bottomIdx) == oldColor) {
-		getFillPixels(pixels, bottomPt, oldColor);
+	if (pt.y % TileHeight != TileHeight - 1) {
+		auto const bottomPt = pt + ox::Point{0, 1};
+		getFillPixels(activeSubSheet, pixels, bottomPt, oldColor);
 	}
 }
 
 void TileSheetEditorModel::pushCommand(studio::UndoCommand *cmd) noexcept {
-	std::ignore = m_undoStack.push(ox::UPtr<studio::UndoCommand>(cmd));
+	std::ignore = m_undoStack.push(ox::UPtr<studio::UndoCommand>{cmd});
 	m_ongoingDrawCommand = dynamic_cast<DrawCommand*>(cmd);
 	m_updated = true;
 }
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditormodel.hpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditormodel.hpp
index 6dd03b6..6371a4e 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditormodel.hpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditormodel.hpp
@@ -4,9 +4,7 @@
 
 #pragma once
 
-#include <ox/std/bounds.hpp>
 #include <ox/std/point.hpp>
-#include <ox/std/trace.hpp>
 #include <ox/std/string.hpp>
 
 #include <studio/studio.hpp>
@@ -38,7 +36,7 @@ class TileSheetEditorModel: public ox::SignalHandler {
 		bool m_updated = false;
 
 	public:
-		TileSheetEditorModel(studio::StudioContext &sctx, ox::StringView path, studio::UndoStack &undoStack);
+		TileSheetEditorModel(studio::StudioContext &sctx, ox::StringViewCR path, studio::UndoStack &undoStack);
 
 		~TileSheetEditorModel() override = default;
 
@@ -63,7 +61,7 @@ class TileSheetEditorModel: public ox::SignalHandler {
 		[[nodiscard]]
 		ox::StringView palPath() const noexcept;
 
-		ox::Error setPalette(ox::StringView path) noexcept;
+		ox::Error setPalette(ox::StringViewCR path) noexcept;
 
 		void setPalettePage(size_t pg) noexcept;
 
@@ -128,7 +126,11 @@ class TileSheetEditorModel: public ox::SignalHandler {
 		bool pixelSelected(std::size_t idx) const noexcept;
 
 	private:
-		void getFillPixels(ox::Span<bool> pixels, ox::Point const&pt, int oldColor) const noexcept;
+		void getFillPixels(
+			TileSheet::SubSheet const&activeSubSheet,
+			ox::Span<bool> pixels,
+			ox::Point const&pt,
+			int oldColor) const noexcept;
 
 		void pushCommand(studio::UndoCommand *cmd) noexcept;
 
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditorview.cpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditorview.cpp
index 0cf1d87..0ac18ae 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditorview.cpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheeteditorview.cpp
@@ -56,8 +56,10 @@ void TileSheetEditorView::scrollH(ox::Vec2 const&paneSz, float wheelh) noexcept
 }
 
 void TileSheetEditorView::insertTile(ox::Vec2 const&paneSize, ox::Vec2 const&clickPos) noexcept {
-	auto const pt = clickPoint(paneSize, clickPos);
+	auto pt = clickPoint(paneSize, clickPos);
 	auto const&s = m_model.activeSubSheet();
+	pt.x = ox::min(pt.x, s.columns * TileWidth - 1);
+	pt.y = ox::min(pt.y, s.rows * TileHeight - 1);
 	auto const tileIdx = ptToIdx(pt, s.columns) / PixelsPerTile;
 	m_model.insertTiles(m_model.activeSubSheetIdx(), tileIdx, 1);
 }
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheetpixelgrid.cpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheetpixelgrid.cpp
index e38cb40..e84b6f5 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheetpixelgrid.cpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheetpixelgrid.cpp
@@ -80,6 +80,11 @@ void TileSheetGrid::setBufferObject(
 }
 
 void TileSheetGrid::setBufferObjects(ox::Vec2 const&paneSize, TileSheet::SubSheet const&subsheet) noexcept {
+	if (subsheet.columns < 1 || subsheet.rows < 1) {
+		m_bufferSet.elements.clear();
+		m_bufferSet.vertices.clear();
+		return;
+	}
 	auto const pixSize = pixelSize(paneSize);
 	auto const set = [&](std::size_t i, ox::Point pt1, ox::Point pt2, Color32 c) {
 		auto const vbo = &m_bufferSet.vertices[i * VertexVboLength];
diff --git a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheetpixels.cpp b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheetpixels.cpp
index b97e968..fc9551f 100644
--- a/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheetpixels.cpp
+++ b/src/nostalgia/modules/core/src/studio/tilesheeteditor/tilesheetpixels.cpp
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ ox::Error TileSheetPixels::buildShader() noexcept {
 	return glutils::buildShaderProgram(s_programSrc).moveTo(m_shader);
 }
 
-void TileSheetPixels::draw(bool update, ox::Vec2 const&scroll) noexcept {
+void TileSheetPixels::draw(bool const update, ox::Vec2 const&scroll) noexcept {
 	glUseProgram(m_shader);
 	glBindVertexArray(m_bufferSet.vao);
 	if (update) {
@@ -117,6 +117,11 @@ void TileSheetPixels::setPixelBufferObject(
 void TileSheetPixels::setBufferObjects(ox::Vec2 const&paneSize) noexcept {
 	// set buffer lengths
 	auto const&subSheet = m_model.activeSubSheet();
+	if (subSheet.columns < 1 || subSheet.rows < 1) {
+		m_bufferSet.vertices.clear();
+		m_bufferSet.elements.clear();
+		return;
+	}
 	auto const&pal = m_model.pal();
 	auto const width = subSheet.columns * TileWidth;
 	auto const height = subSheet.rows * TileHeight;
diff --git a/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/context.hpp b/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/context.hpp
index a64fd61..b128bbf 100644
--- a/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/context.hpp
+++ b/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/context.hpp
@@ -12,7 +12,7 @@
 namespace keel {
 
 class Context;
-using PackTransform = ox::Result<bool>(*)(Context&, ox::Buffer &clawData, ox::StringView);
+using PackTransform = ox::Result<bool>(*)(Context&, ox::Buffer &clawData, ox::StringViewCR);
 
 class Context {
 	public:
diff --git a/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/media.hpp b/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/media.hpp
index 7accfae..069e202 100644
--- a/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/media.hpp
+++ b/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/media.hpp
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ constexpr auto makeLoader(Context &ctx) {
 			if (err != ox::Error_ClawTypeVersionMismatch && err != ox::Error_ClawTypeMismatch) {
 				return err;
 			}
-			OX_RETURN_ERROR(convert<T>(ctx, buff, &obj));
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(convert<T>(ctx, buff, obj));
 		}
 		return std::move(obj);
 	};
diff --git a/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/pack.hpp b/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/pack.hpp
index 417e51a..1bf5e21 100644
--- a/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/pack.hpp
+++ b/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/pack.hpp
@@ -125,7 +125,9 @@ ox::Error preloadObj(
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(err);
 		keel::PreloadPtr const p{.preloadAddr = a};
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(ox::writeMC(p).moveTo(buff));
-		oxOutf("preloaded {} as a {} @ {} to {}\n", path, obj.type()->typeName, a, a + size);
+		auto const&pbufSz = pl.buff().size();
+		oxOutf("preloaded {} as a {} @ {} to {} / {}, total size: {}\n",
+			path, obj.type()->typeName, a, a + size, pbufSz - 1, pbufSz - a);
 	} else {
 		// strip the Claw header (it is not needed after preloading) and write back out to dest fs
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(ox::writeMC(obj).moveTo(buff));
diff --git a/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/typeconv.hpp b/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/typeconv.hpp
index 7041e25..3d9ea00 100644
--- a/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/typeconv.hpp
+++ b/src/olympic/keel/include/keel/typeconv.hpp
@@ -16,10 +16,43 @@ namespace keel {
 class Wrap {
 	public:
 		virtual ~Wrap() = default;
+		[[nodiscard]]
+		virtual ox::CStringView typeName() const noexcept = 0;
+		[[nodiscard]]
+		virtual int typeVersion() const noexcept = 0;
 };
 
 template<typename T>
-class WrapInline: public Wrap {
+class WrapT: public Wrap {
+	public:
+		[[nodiscard]]
+		virtual constexpr T &obj() noexcept = 0;
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+class WrapRef final: public WrapT<T> {
+	private:
+		T &m_obj;
+
+	public:
+		constexpr explicit WrapRef(T &obj): m_obj{obj} {}
+
+		ox::CStringView typeName() const noexcept override {
+			return ox::ModelTypeName_v<T>;
+		}
+
+		int typeVersion() const noexcept override {
+			return ox::ModelTypeVersion_v<T>;
+		}
+
+		constexpr T &obj() noexcept override {
+			return m_obj;
+		}
+
+};
+
+template<typename T>
+class WrapInline final: public WrapT<T> {
 	private:
 		T m_obj;
 
@@ -30,8 +63,15 @@ class WrapInline: public Wrap {
 		constexpr explicit WrapInline(Args &&...args): m_obj(ox::forward<Args>(args)...) {
 		}
 
-		[[nodiscard]]
-		constexpr T &obj() noexcept {
+		ox::CStringView typeName() const noexcept override {
+			return ox::ModelTypeName_v<T>;
+		}
+
+		int typeVersion() const noexcept override {
+			return ox::ModelTypeVersion_v<T>;
+		}
+
+		constexpr T &obj() noexcept override {
 			return m_obj;
 		}
 
@@ -44,7 +84,7 @@ constexpr ox::UPtr<Wrap> makeWrap(Args &&...args) noexcept {
 
 template<typename T>
 constexpr T &wrapCast(Wrap &ptr) noexcept {
-	return static_cast<WrapInline<T>&>(ptr).obj();
+	return static_cast<WrapT<T>&>(ptr).obj();
 }
 
 class BaseConverter {
@@ -70,10 +110,10 @@ class BaseConverter {
 
 		[[nodiscard]]
 		constexpr bool matches(
-				ox::StringViewCR srcTypeName, int srcTypeVersion,
-				ox::StringViewCR dstTypeName, int dstTypeVersion) const noexcept {
+				ox::StringViewCR srcTypeName, int const srcTypeVersion,
+				ox::StringViewCR dstTypeName, int const dstTypeVersion) const noexcept {
 			return srcMatches(srcTypeName, srcTypeVersion)
-				 && dstMatches(dstTypeName, dstTypeVersion);
+			    && dstMatches(dstTypeName, dstTypeVersion);
 		}
 
 };
@@ -109,17 +149,17 @@ class Converter: public BaseConverter {
 
 		ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> convertPtrToPtr(
 				keel::Context &ctx, Wrap &src) const noexcept final {
-			auto dst = makeWrap<DstType>();
-			OX_RETURN_ERROR(convert(ctx, wrapCast<SrcType>(src), wrapCast<DstType>(*dst)));
-			return {std::move(dst)};
+			ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> dst{makeWrap<DstType>()};
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(convert(ctx, wrapCast<SrcType>(src), wrapCast<DstType>(*dst.value)));
+			return dst;
 		}
 
 		ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> convertBuffToPtr(
 				keel::Context &ctx, ox::BufferView const&srcBuff) const noexcept final {
 			OX_REQUIRE_M(src, readAsset<SrcType>(srcBuff));
-			auto dst = makeWrap<DstType>();
-			OX_RETURN_ERROR(convert(ctx, src, wrapCast<DstType>(*dst)));
-			return {std::move(dst)};
+			ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> dst{makeWrap<DstType>()};
+			OX_RETURN_ERROR(convert(ctx, src, wrapCast<DstType>(*dst.value)));
+			return dst;
 		}
 
 	protected:
@@ -133,34 +173,57 @@ ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> convert(
 		ox::StringViewCR dstTypeName,
 		int dstTypeVersion) noexcept;
 
+ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> convert(
+		keel::Context &ctx,
+		Wrap &src,
+		ox::StringViewCR dstTypeName,
+		int dstTypeVersion) noexcept;
+
+ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> convert(
+		keel::Context &ctx,
+		auto &src,
+		ox::StringViewCR dstTypeName,
+		int const dstTypeVersion) noexcept {
+	return convert(ctx, WrapRef{src}, dstTypeName, dstTypeVersion);
+}
+
 template<typename DstType>
-ox::Result<DstType> convert(keel::Context &ctx, ox::BufferView const&srcBuffer) noexcept {
-	static constexpr auto DstTypeName = ox::requireModelTypeName<DstType>();
-	static constexpr auto DstTypeVersion = ox::requireModelTypeVersion<DstType>();
-	OX_REQUIRE(out, convert(ctx, srcBuffer, DstTypeName, DstTypeVersion));
+ox::Result<DstType> convertObjToObj(
+		keel::Context &ctx,
+		auto &src) noexcept {
+	OX_REQUIRE_M(out, convert(ctx, WrapRef{src}, ox::ModelTypeName_v<DstType>, ox::ModelTypeVersion_v<DstType>));
+	return std::move(wrapCast(*out));
+}
+
+template<typename DstType>
+ox::Result<DstType> convert(keel::Context &ctx, ox::BufferView const&src) noexcept {
+	OX_REQUIRE(out, convert(ctx, src, ox::ModelTypeName_v<DstType>, ox::ModelTypeVersion_v<DstType>));
 	return std::move(wrapCast<DstType>(out));
 }
 
 template<typename DstType>
-ox::Error convert(keel::Context &ctx, ox::BufferView const&buff, DstType *outObj) noexcept {
-	static constexpr auto DstTypeName = ox::requireModelTypeName<DstType>();
-	static constexpr auto DstTypeVersion = ox::requireModelTypeVersion<DstType>();
-	OX_REQUIRE(outPtr, convert(ctx, buff, DstTypeName, DstTypeVersion));
-	*outObj = std::move(wrapCast<DstType>(*outPtr));
+ox::Error convert(keel::Context &ctx, ox::BufferView const&buff, DstType &outObj) noexcept {
+	OX_REQUIRE(out, convert(ctx, buff, ox::ModelTypeName_v<DstType>, ox::ModelTypeVersion_v<DstType>));
+	outObj = std::move(wrapCast<DstType>(*out));
+	return {};
+}
+
+template<typename DstType>
+ox::Error convertObjToObj(keel::Context &ctx, auto &src, DstType &outObj) noexcept {
+	OX_REQUIRE(outPtr, convert(ctx, src, ox::ModelTypeName_v<DstType>, ox::ModelTypeVersion_v<DstType>));
+	outObj = std::move(wrapCast<DstType>(*outPtr));
 	return {};
 }
 
 template<typename DstType>
 ox::Result<ox::Buffer> convertBuffToBuff(
-		keel::Context &ctx, ox::BufferView const&srcBuffer, ox::ClawFormat fmt) noexcept {
-	static constexpr auto DstTypeName = ox::requireModelTypeName<DstType>();
-	static constexpr auto DstTypeVersion = ox::requireModelTypeVersion<DstType>();
-	OX_REQUIRE(out, convert(ctx, srcBuffer, DstTypeName, DstTypeVersion));
+		keel::Context &ctx, ox::BufferView const&src, ox::ClawFormat const fmt) noexcept {
+	OX_REQUIRE(out, convert(ctx, src, ox::ModelTypeName_v<DstType>, ox::ModelTypeVersion_v<DstType>));
 	return ox::writeClaw<DstType>(wrapCast<DstType>(*out), fmt);
 }
 
 template<typename From, typename To, ox::ClawFormat fmt = ox::ClawFormat::Metal>
-ox::Result<bool> transformRule(keel::Context &ctx, ox::Buffer &buff, ox::StringView typeId) noexcept {
+ox::Result<bool> transformRule(keel::Context &ctx, ox::Buffer &buff, ox::StringViewCR typeId) noexcept {
 	if (typeId == ox::ModelTypeId_v<From>) {
 		OX_RETURN_ERROR(keel::convertBuffToBuff<To>(ctx, buff, fmt).moveTo(buff));
 		return true;
@@ -168,5 +231,4 @@ ox::Result<bool> transformRule(keel::Context &ctx, ox::Buffer &buff, ox::StringV
 	return false;
 };
 
-
 }
diff --git a/src/olympic/keel/src/media.cpp b/src/olympic/keel/src/media.cpp
index ff1b708..e59fa5e 100644
--- a/src/olympic/keel/src/media.cpp
+++ b/src/olympic/keel/src/media.cpp
@@ -154,13 +154,12 @@ ox::Result<ox::CStringView> uuidToPath(Context &ctx, ox::UUID const&uuid) noexce
 }
 
 ox::Error reloadAsset(keel::Context &ctx, ox::StringViewCR assetId) noexcept {
-	ox::UUIDStr uuidStr;
 	if (beginsWith(assetId, "uuid://")) {
 		return ctx.assetManager.reloadAsset(substr(assetId, 7));
 	} else {
-		auto const [uuid, uuidErr] =  getUuid(ctx, assetId);
+		auto const [uuid, uuidErr] = getUuid(ctx, assetId);
 		if (!uuidErr) {
-			return ctx.assetManager.reloadAsset(uuidStr);
+			return ctx.assetManager.reloadAsset(uuid.toString());
 		} else {
 			return ctx.assetManager.reloadAsset(assetId);
 		}
diff --git a/src/olympic/keel/src/typeconv.cpp b/src/olympic/keel/src/typeconv.cpp
index aeb598b..531e737 100644
--- a/src/olympic/keel/src/typeconv.cpp
+++ b/src/olympic/keel/src/typeconv.cpp
@@ -10,30 +10,38 @@ namespace keel {
 static ox::Result<BaseConverter const*> findConverter(
 		ox::SpanView<BaseConverter const*> const&converters,
 		ox::StringViewCR srcTypeName,
-		int srcTypeVersion,
+		int const srcTypeVersion,
 		ox::StringViewCR dstTypeName,
-		int dstTypeVersion) noexcept {
+		int const dstTypeVersion) noexcept {
 	for (auto const&c : converters) {
 		if (c->matches(srcTypeName, srcTypeVersion, dstTypeName, dstTypeVersion)) {
 			return c;
 		}
 	}
-	return ox::Error(1, "Could not find converter");
+	return ox::Error{1, "Could not find converter"};
 };
 
+static ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> convert(BaseConverter const&c, Context &ctx, ox::BufferView const&src) noexcept {
+	return c.convertBuffToPtr(ctx, src);
+}
+
+static ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> convert(BaseConverter const&c, Context &ctx, Wrap &src) noexcept {
+	return c.convertPtrToPtr(ctx, src);
+}
+
 static ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> convert(
-		keel::Context &ctx,
+		Context &ctx,
 		ox::SpanView<BaseConverter const*> const&converters,
-		ox::BufferView const&srcBuffer,
+		auto &src,
 		ox::StringViewCR srcTypeName,
-		int srcTypeVersion,
+		int const srcTypeVersion,
 		ox::StringViewCR dstTypeName,
-		int dstTypeVersion) noexcept {
+		int const dstTypeVersion) noexcept {
 	// look for direct converter
-	auto [c, err] = findConverter(
+	auto const [c, err] = findConverter(
 			converters, srcTypeName, srcTypeVersion, dstTypeName, dstTypeVersion);
 	if (!err) {
-		return c->convertBuffToPtr(ctx, srcBuffer);
+		return convert(*c, ctx, src);
 	}
 	// try to chain multiple converters
 	for (auto const&subConverter : converters) {
@@ -41,20 +49,20 @@ static ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> convert(
 			continue;
 		}
 		const auto [intermediate, chainErr] =
-			convert(ctx, converters, srcBuffer, srcTypeName, srcTypeVersion,
+			convert(ctx, converters, src, srcTypeName, srcTypeVersion,
 			        subConverter->srcTypeName(), subConverter->srcTypeVersion());
 		if (!chainErr) {
 			return subConverter->convertPtrToPtr(ctx, *intermediate);
 		}
 	}
-	return ox::Error(1, "Could not convert between types");
+	return ox::Error{1, "Could not convert between types"};
 }
 
 ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> convert(
-		keel::Context &ctx,
+		Context &ctx,
 		ox::BufferView const&srcBuffer,
 		ox::StringViewCR dstTypeName,
-		int dstTypeVersion) noexcept {
+		int const dstTypeVersion) noexcept {
 	OX_REQUIRE(hdr, readAssetHeader(srcBuffer));
 	return convert(
 			ctx,
@@ -66,4 +74,19 @@ ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> convert(
 			dstTypeVersion);
 }
 
+ox::Result<ox::UPtr<Wrap>> convert(
+		Context &ctx,
+		Wrap &src,
+		ox::StringViewCR dstTypeName,
+		int const dstTypeVersion) noexcept {
+	return convert(
+			ctx,
+			converters(ctx),
+			src,
+			src.typeName(),
+			src.typeVersion(),
+			dstTypeName,
+			dstTypeVersion);
+}
+
 }
diff --git a/src/olympic/studio/applib/src/newproject.cpp b/src/olympic/studio/applib/src/newproject.cpp
index a3f0099..6a0cdbe 100644
--- a/src/olympic/studio/applib/src/newproject.cpp
+++ b/src/olympic/studio/applib/src/newproject.cpp
@@ -50,7 +50,7 @@ void NewProject::draw(studio::StudioContext &ctx) noexcept {
 
 void NewProject::drawNewProjectName(studio::StudioContext &sctx) noexcept {
 	drawWindow(sctx.tctx, &m_open, [this, &sctx] {
-		ImGui::InputText("Name", m_projectName.data(), m_projectName.cap());
+		ig::InputText("Name", m_projectName);
 		ImGui::Text("Path: %s", m_projectPath.c_str());
 		if (ImGui::Button("Browse")) {
 			oxLogError(studio::chooseDirectory().moveTo(m_projectPath));
diff --git a/src/olympic/studio/applib/src/studioapp.cpp b/src/olympic/studio/applib/src/studioapp.cpp
index 1fbea6e..7ae49c5 100644
--- a/src/olympic/studio/applib/src/studioapp.cpp
+++ b/src/olympic/studio/applib/src/studioapp.cpp
@@ -18,9 +18,9 @@
 
 namespace studio {
 
-static ox::Vector<studio::Module const*> modules;
+static ox::Vector<Module const*> modules;
 
-void registerModule(studio::Module const*mod) noexcept {
+void registerModule(Module const*mod) noexcept {
 	if (mod) {
 		modules.emplace_back(mod);
 	}
@@ -45,25 +45,25 @@ OX_MODEL_END()
 
 StudioUI::StudioUI(turbine::Context &ctx, ox::StringParam projectDataDir) noexcept:
 		m_sctx(*this, ctx),
-		m_ctx(ctx),
+		m_tctx(ctx),
 		m_projectDataDir(std::move(projectDataDir)),
-		m_projectExplorer(m_ctx),
+		m_projectExplorer(m_tctx),
 		m_newProject(m_projectDataDir),
-		m_aboutPopup(m_ctx) {
-	turbine::setApplicationData(m_ctx, &m_sctx);
+		m_aboutPopup(m_tctx) {
+	turbine::setApplicationData(m_tctx, &m_sctx);
 	m_projectExplorer.fileChosen.connect(this, &StudioUI::openFile);
 	m_newProject.finished.connect(this, &StudioUI::createOpenProject);
 	m_newMenu.finished.connect(this, &StudioUI::openFile);
 	ImGui::GetIO().IniFilename = nullptr;
 	loadModules();
 	// open project and files
-	auto const [config, err] = studio::readConfig<StudioConfig>(keelCtx(m_ctx));
+	auto const [config, err] = studio::readConfig<StudioConfig>(keelCtx(m_tctx));
 	m_showProjectExplorer = config.showProjectExplorer;
 	if (!err) {
 		auto const openProjErr = openProjectPath(config.projectPath);
 		if (!openProjErr) {
 			for (auto const&f: config.openFiles) {
-				auto openFileErr = openFileActiveTab(f, config.activeTabItemName == f);
+				auto const openFileErr = openFileActiveTab(f, config.activeTabItemName == f);
 				if (openFileErr) {
 					oxErrorf("\nCould not open editor for file:\n\t{}\nReason:\n\t{}\n", f, toStr(openFileErr));
 					continue;
@@ -82,8 +82,8 @@ StudioUI::StudioUI(turbine::Context &ctx, ox::StringParam projectDataDir) noexce
 	}
 }
 
-void StudioUI::handleKeyEvent(turbine::Key key, bool down) noexcept {
-	for (auto p : m_popups) {
+void StudioUI::handleKeyEvent(turbine::Key const key, bool const down) noexcept {
+	for (auto const p : m_popups) {
 		if (p->isOpen()) {
 			if (key == turbine::Key::Escape) {
 				p->close();
@@ -118,13 +118,13 @@ void StudioUI::draw() noexcept {
 		for (auto &w: m_widgets) {
 			w->draw(m_sctx);
 		}
-		for (auto p: m_popups) {
+		for (auto const p: m_popups) {
 			p->draw(m_sctx);
 		}
 	}
 	ImGui::End();
 	handleKeyInput();
-	m_taskRunner.update(m_ctx);
+	m_taskRunner.update(m_tctx);
 }
 
 void StudioUI::drawMenu() noexcept {
@@ -143,7 +143,7 @@ void StudioUI::drawMenu() noexcept {
 				m_activeEditor->save();
 			}
 			if (ImGui::MenuItem("Quit", "Ctrl+Q")) {
-				turbine::requestShutdown(m_ctx);
+				turbine::requestShutdown(m_tctx);
 			}
 			ImGui::EndMenu();
 		}
@@ -168,7 +168,7 @@ void StudioUI::drawMenu() noexcept {
 			ImGui::EndMenu();
 		}
 		if (ImGui::BeginMenu("View")) {
-			if (ImGui::MenuItem("Project Explorer", "Ctrl+1", m_showProjectExplorer)) {
+			if (ImGui::MenuItem("Project Explorer", "Ctrl+Shift+1", m_showProjectExplorer)) {
 				toggleProjectExplorer();
 			}
 			ImGui::EndMenu();
@@ -204,9 +204,10 @@ void StudioUI::drawTabs() noexcept {
 		if (ImGui::BeginTabItem(e->itemDisplayName().c_str(), &open, flags)) {
 			if (m_activeEditor != e.get()) [[unlikely]] {
 				m_activeEditor = e.get();
-				studio::editConfig<StudioConfig>(keelCtx(m_ctx), [&](StudioConfig &config) {
+				studio::editConfig<StudioConfig>(keelCtx(m_tctx), [&](StudioConfig &config) {
 					config.activeTabItemName = m_activeEditor->itemPath();
 				});
+				turbine::setRefreshWithin(m_tctx, 0);
 			} else [[likely]] {
 				if (m_activeEditorUpdatePending == e.get()) [[unlikely]] {
 					m_activeEditorUpdatePending = nullptr;
@@ -237,13 +238,13 @@ void StudioUI::drawTabs() noexcept {
 	}
 }
 
-void StudioUI::loadEditorMaker(studio::EditorMaker const&editorMaker) noexcept {
+void StudioUI::loadEditorMaker(EditorMaker const&editorMaker) noexcept {
 	for (auto const&ext : editorMaker.fileTypes) {
 		m_editorMakers[ext] = editorMaker.make;
 	}
 }
 
-void StudioUI::loadModule(studio::Module const&mod) noexcept {
+void StudioUI::loadModule(Module const&mod) noexcept {
 	for (auto const&editorMaker : mod.editors(m_sctx)) {
 		loadEditorMaker(editorMaker);
 	}
@@ -260,20 +261,20 @@ void StudioUI::loadModules() noexcept {
 
 void StudioUI::toggleProjectExplorer() noexcept {
 	m_showProjectExplorer = !m_showProjectExplorer;
-	studio::editConfig<StudioConfig>(keelCtx(m_ctx), [&](StudioConfig &config) {
+	editConfig<StudioConfig>(keelCtx(m_tctx), [&](StudioConfig &config) {
 		config.showProjectExplorer = m_showProjectExplorer;
 	});
 }
 
 void StudioUI::redo() noexcept {
-	auto undoStack = m_activeEditor ? m_activeEditor->undoStack() : nullptr;
+	auto const undoStack = m_activeEditor ? m_activeEditor->undoStack() : nullptr;
 	if (undoStack && undoStack->canRedo()) {
 		 oxLogError(m_activeEditor->undoStack()->redo());
 	}
 }
 
 void StudioUI::undo() noexcept {
-	auto undoStack = m_activeEditor ? m_activeEditor->undoStack() : nullptr;
+	auto const undoStack = m_activeEditor ? m_activeEditor->undoStack() : nullptr;
 	if (undoStack && undoStack->canUndo()) {
 		 oxLogError(m_activeEditor->undoStack()->undo());
 	}
@@ -292,7 +293,7 @@ void StudioUI::handleKeyInput() noexcept {
 				m_activeEditor->copy();
 			}
 		} else if (ImGui::IsKeyPressed(ImGuiKey_N)) {
-			if (turbine::buttonDown(m_ctx, turbine::Key::Mod_Shift)) {
+			if (turbine::buttonDown(m_tctx, turbine::Key::Mod_Shift)) {
 				m_newProject.open();
 			} else {
 				m_newMenu.open();
@@ -302,7 +303,7 @@ void StudioUI::handleKeyInput() noexcept {
 		} else if (ImGui::IsKeyPressed(ImGuiKey_S)) {
 			save();
 		} else if (ImGui::IsKeyPressed(ImGuiKey_Q)) {
-			turbine::requestShutdown(m_ctx);
+			turbine::requestShutdown(m_tctx);
 		} else if (ImGui::IsKeyPressed(ImGuiKey_V)) {
 			if (m_activeEditor && m_activeEditor->pasteEnabled()) {
 				m_activeEditor->paste();
@@ -317,8 +318,22 @@ void StudioUI::handleKeyInput() noexcept {
 		} else if (ImGui::IsKeyPressed(ImGuiKey_Z)) {
 			auto const undoStack = m_activeEditor ? m_activeEditor->undoStack() : nullptr;
 			if (undoStack) { oxLogError(undoStack->undo()); }
-		} else if (ImGui::IsKeyPressed(ImGuiKey_1)) {
+		} else if (ImGui::IsKeyPressed(ImGuiKey_1) && ImGui::IsKeyDown(ImGuiKey_ModShift)) {
 			toggleProjectExplorer();
+		} else {
+			if (!m_editors.empty()) {
+				auto const range = ox::min<size_t>(9u, m_editors.size()) - 1;
+				for (auto i = 0u; i < 9; ++i) {
+					if (ImGui::IsKeyPressed(static_cast<ImGuiKey>(static_cast<int>(ImGuiKey_1) + i))) {
+						m_activeEditor = m_editors[i < m_editors.size() ? i : range].get();
+						m_activeEditorUpdatePending = m_activeEditor;
+					}
+				}
+				if (ImGui::IsKeyPressed(ImGuiKey_0)) {
+					m_activeEditor = m_editors[10 < m_editors.size() ? 10 : range].get();
+					m_activeEditorUpdatePending = m_activeEditor;
+				}
+			}
 		}
 	}
 }
@@ -333,18 +348,18 @@ ox::Error StudioUI::createOpenProject(ox::StringViewCR path) noexcept {
 
 ox::Error StudioUI::openProjectPath(ox::StringParam path) noexcept {
 	OX_REQUIRE_M(fs, keel::loadRomFs(path.view()));
-	OX_RETURN_ERROR(keel::setRomFs(keelCtx(m_ctx), std::move(fs)));
+	OX_RETURN_ERROR(keel::setRomFs(keelCtx(m_tctx), std::move(fs)));
 	OX_RETURN_ERROR(
-			ox::make_unique_catch<studio::Project>(keelCtx(m_ctx), std::move(path), m_projectDataDir)
+			ox::make_unique_catch<Project>(keelCtx(m_tctx), std::move(path), m_projectDataDir)
 			        .moveTo(m_project));
-	auto const sctx = applicationData<studio::StudioContext>(m_ctx);
+	auto const sctx = applicationData<StudioContext>(m_tctx);
 	sctx->project = m_project.get();
-	turbine::setWindowTitle(m_ctx, ox::sfmt("{} - {}", keelCtx(m_ctx).appName, m_project->projectPath()));
+	turbine::setWindowTitle(m_tctx, ox::sfmt("{} - {}", keelCtx(m_tctx).appName, m_project->projectPath()));
 	m_project->fileAdded.connect(&m_projectExplorer, &ProjectExplorer::refreshProjectTreeModel);
 	m_project->fileDeleted.connect(&m_projectExplorer, &ProjectExplorer::refreshProjectTreeModel);
 	m_openFiles.clear();
 	m_editors.clear();
-	studio::editConfig<StudioConfig>(keelCtx(m_ctx), [&](StudioConfig &config) {
+	studio::editConfig<StudioConfig>(keelCtx(m_tctx), [&](StudioConfig &config) {
 		config.projectPath = ox::String(m_project->projectPath());
 		config.openFiles.clear();
 	});
@@ -355,7 +370,7 @@ ox::Error StudioUI::openFile(ox::StringViewCR path) noexcept {
 	return openFileActiveTab(path, true);
 }
 
-ox::Error StudioUI::openFileActiveTab(ox::StringViewCR path, bool makeActiveTab) noexcept {
+ox::Error StudioUI::openFileActiveTab(ox::StringViewCR path, bool const makeActiveTab) noexcept {
 	if (!m_project) {
 		return ox::Error(1, "No project open to open a file from");
 	}
@@ -369,7 +384,7 @@ ox::Error StudioUI::openFileActiveTab(ox::StringViewCR path, bool makeActiveTab)
 		}
 		return {};
 	}
-	OX_REQUIRE(ext, studio::fileExt(path));
+	OX_REQUIRE(ext, fileExt(path));
 	// create Editor
 	BaseEditor *editor = nullptr;
 	auto const err = m_editorMakers.contains(ext) ?
@@ -391,7 +406,7 @@ ox::Error StudioUI::openFileActiveTab(ox::StringViewCR path, bool makeActiveTab)
 		m_activeEditorUpdatePending = editor;
 	}
 	// save to config
-	studio::editConfig<StudioConfig>(keelCtx(m_ctx), [&path](StudioConfig &config) {
+	studio::editConfig<StudioConfig>(keelCtx(m_tctx), [&path](StudioConfig &config) {
 		if (!config.openFiles.contains(path)) {
 			config.openFiles.emplace_back(path);
 		}
@@ -405,7 +420,7 @@ ox::Error StudioUI::closeFile(ox::StringViewCR path) noexcept {
 	}
 	std::ignore = m_openFiles.erase(std::remove(m_openFiles.begin(), m_openFiles.end(), path));
 	// save to config
-	studio::editConfig<StudioConfig>(keelCtx(m_ctx), [&](StudioConfig &config) {
+	studio::editConfig<StudioConfig>(keelCtx(m_tctx), [&](StudioConfig &config) {
 		std::ignore = config.openFiles.erase(std::remove(config.openFiles.begin(), config.openFiles.end(), path));
 	});
 	return {};
diff --git a/src/olympic/studio/applib/src/studioapp.hpp b/src/olympic/studio/applib/src/studioapp.hpp
index 92cefaa..6490786 100644
--- a/src/olympic/studio/applib/src/studioapp.hpp
+++ b/src/olympic/studio/applib/src/studioapp.hpp
@@ -24,23 +24,23 @@ class StudioUI: public ox::SignalHandler {
 	friend class StudioUIDrawer;
 
 	private:
-		studio::StudioContext m_sctx;
-		turbine::Context &m_ctx;
+		StudioContext m_sctx;
+		turbine::Context &m_tctx;
 		ox::String m_projectDataDir;
-		ox::UPtr<studio::Project> m_project;
-		studio::TaskRunner m_taskRunner;
-		ox::Vector<ox::UPtr<studio::BaseEditor>> m_editors;
-		ox::Vector<ox::UPtr<studio::Widget>> m_widgets;
-		ox::HashMap<ox::String, studio::EditorMaker::Func> m_editorMakers;
+		ox::UPtr<Project> m_project;
+		TaskRunner m_taskRunner;
+		ox::Vector<ox::UPtr<BaseEditor>> m_editors;
+		ox::Vector<ox::UPtr<Widget>> m_widgets;
+		ox::HashMap<ox::String, EditorMaker::Func> m_editorMakers;
 		ProjectExplorer m_projectExplorer;
 		ox::Vector<ox::String> m_openFiles;
-		studio::BaseEditor *m_activeEditorOnLastDraw = nullptr;
-		studio::BaseEditor *m_activeEditor = nullptr;
-		studio::BaseEditor *m_activeEditorUpdatePending = nullptr;
+		BaseEditor *m_activeEditorOnLastDraw = nullptr;
+		BaseEditor *m_activeEditor = nullptr;
+		BaseEditor *m_activeEditorUpdatePending = nullptr;
 		NewMenu m_newMenu;
 		NewProject m_newProject;
 		AboutPopup m_aboutPopup;
-		ox::Array<studio::Popup*, 3> const m_popups = {
+		ox::Array<Popup*, 3> const m_popups = {
 			&m_newMenu,
 			&m_newProject,
 			&m_aboutPopup
@@ -53,7 +53,7 @@ class StudioUI: public ox::SignalHandler {
 		void handleKeyEvent(turbine::Key, bool down) noexcept;
 
 		[[nodiscard]]
-		constexpr studio::Project *project() noexcept {
+		constexpr Project *project() noexcept {
 			return m_project.get();
 		}
 
@@ -67,9 +67,9 @@ class StudioUI: public ox::SignalHandler {
 
 		void drawTabs() noexcept;
 
-		void loadEditorMaker(studio::EditorMaker const&editorMaker) noexcept;
+		void loadEditorMaker(EditorMaker const&editorMaker) noexcept;
 
-		void loadModule(studio::Module const&mod) noexcept;
+		void loadModule(Module const&mod) noexcept;
 
 		void loadModules() noexcept;